一、理论:
1.垂直拆分表:把主码某些列放在一个表,把主码及另外的列放在另一个表中。优点是查询时可以减少I/O次数,缺点是查询时需要联合操作。
2.水平拆分:根据一列或多列的值把数据行放到多个表中。
3.水平拆分表的使用情况:
a.表很大,分割后可以降低在查询时需要读的数据和索引页数以及层数,可提高查询速度。
b.表中的数据有逻辑上的独立性。如:不同时期的数据或明显具有不同使用频率的数据。
c.需要把数据放在多个介质上。
4.反规范的优势:
a.增加冗余列:在多个表中具有相同列,可以在查询时避免连接操作
b.增加派生列:增加来自于其他表中来自于经过计算的数据,目的是可以减少连接操作以及集函数
c.重新组表:如果许多用户需要查看两个表连接出来的结果数据,则把这两个表重新组成一个表来减少连接
d.分割表
5.保证数据完整性的技术:
a.批处理维护
b.使用应用逻辑来实现(但此方法不易于维护)
c.使用触发器
6.中间表的优点:
a.中间表复制源表部分数据并与源表隔离,在中间表中的统计查询不会对在线应用产生负面应用
b.中间表上可以灵活地添加索引或增加临时用的新字段,可提高统计查询效率和辅助统计查询
二、实践:
mysql> CREATE TABLE duck_cust(
-> cust_num MEDIUMINT AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> cust_title TINYINT ,
-> cust_last char(20) NOT NULL ,
-> cust_first char(15) NOT NULL,
-> cust_suffix enum('jr.','II','III','IV','v','m.d.','phd.'),
-> cust_add1 char(30) NOT NULL,
-> cust_add2 char(10) ,
-> cust_city char(18) NOT NULL,
-> cust_state char(2) NOT NULL,
-> cust_zip1 char(5) NOT NULL,
-> cust_zip2 char(4) ,
-> cust_duckname char(25) NOT NULL,
-> cust_duckbday DATE,
-> PRIMARY KEY (cust_num)
-> ) engine =MyISAM;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into duck_cust values
-> (null,1,'IrishLoad','red','III','地址1','a302','sea','wa','1111','11111',etrek','2917:10:21');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into duck_cust values
-> (null,2,'IrishLoad2','red2','III2','地址12','a3022','sea2','wa2','11112',2323422','Netrek2','2927:10:21');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 4 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into duck_cust values
-> (null,3,'IrishLoad3','red3','III3','地址13','a3023','sea3','wa3','11113',232343','Netrek3','2937:10:21');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 4 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into duck_cust values
-> (null,4,'IrishLoad4','red4','III4','地址14','a3024','sea4','wa4','11114',232344','Netrek4','2947:10:21');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 4 warnings (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into duck_cust values
-> (null,5,'IrishLoad5','red5','III5','地址15','a3025','sea5','wa5','11115',232345','Netrek5','2957:10:21');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 4 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into duck_cust values
-> (null,6,'IrishLoad6','red6','III6','地址16','a3026','sea6','wa6','11116',232346','Netrek6','2967:10:21');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 4 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into duck_cust values
-> (null,7,'IrishLoad7','red7','III7','地址17','a3027','sea7','wa7','11117',232347','Netrek7','2977:1');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 5 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from duck_cust procedure analyse() \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_num
Min_value: 1
Max_value: 7
Min_length: 1
Max_length: 1
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 4.0000
Std: 2.0000
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('1','2','3','4','5','6','7') NOT NULL
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_title
Min_value: 1
Max_value: 7
Min_length: 1
Max_length: 1
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 4.0000
Std: 2.0000
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('1','2','3','4','5','6','7') NOT NULL
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_last
Min_value: IrishLoad
Max_value: IrishLoad7
Min_length: 9
Max_length: 10
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 9.8571
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('IrishLoad','IrishLoad2','IrishLoad3','IrishLoad4','IrishLoad5','IrishLoad6','IrishLoad7') NOT NULL
*************************** 4. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_first
Min_value: red
Max_value: red7
Min_length: 3
Max_length: 4
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 3.8571
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('red','red2','red3','red4','red5','red6','red7') NOT NULL
*************************** 5. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_suffix
Min_value: III
Max_value: III
Min_length: 3
Max_length: 3
Empties_or_zeros: 6
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 0.4286
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('','III') NOT NULL
*************************** 6. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_add1
Min_value:
Max_value:
Min_length: 0
Max_length: 0
Empties_or_zeros: 7
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 0.0000
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: CHAR(0) NOT NULL
*************************** 7. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_add2
Min_value: a302
Max_value: a3027
Min_length: 4
Max_length: 5
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 4.8571
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('a302','a3022','a3023','a3024','a3025','a3026','a3027') NOT NULL
*************************** 8. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_city
Min_value: sea
Max_value: sea7
Min_length: 3
Max_length: 4
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 3.8571
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('sea','sea2','sea3','sea4','sea5','sea6','sea7') NOT NULL
*************************** 9. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_state
Min_value: wa
Max_value: wa
Min_length: 2
Max_length: 2
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 2.0000
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('wa') NOT NULL
*************************** 10. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_zip1
Min_value: 1111
Max_value: 11117
Min_length: 4
Max_length: 5
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 4.8571
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('1111','11112','11113','11114','11115','11116','11117') NOT NULL
*************************** 11. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_zip2
Min_value: 1111
Max_value: 2232
Min_length: 4
Max_length: 4
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 4.0000
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('1111','2232') NOT NULL
*************************** 12. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_duckname
Min_value: Netrek
Max_value: Netrek7
Min_length: 6
Max_length: 7
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 6.8571
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('Netrek','Netrek2','Netrek3','Netrek4','Netrek5','Netrek6','Netrek7') NOT NULL
*************************** 13. row ***************************
Field_name: sakila.duck_cust.cust_duckbday
Min_value: 0000-00-00
Max_value: 2967-10-21
Min_length: 10
Max_length: 10
Empties_or_zeros: 0
Nulls: 0
Avg_value_or_avg_length: 10.0000
Std: NULL
Optimal_fieldtype: ENUM('0000-00-00','2917-10-21','2927-10-21','2937-10-21','2947-10-21','2957-10-21','2967-10-21') NOT NULL
13 rows in set (0.01 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
mysql> alter table duck_cust modify cust_num mediumint(2);
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> create table session(
-> cust_id varchar(10),
-> cust_amount decimal(16,2)
-> ,
-> cust_date DATE,
-> cust_ip varchar(20)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (2,3.22,adddate(now(),-2),'192.168.0.2');
e(now(),-15),'192.168.0.15');
insert into session values (16,3.36,adddate(now(),-16),'192.168.0.16');Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (3,3.23,adddate(now(),-3),'192.168.0.3');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (4,3.24,adddate(now(),-4),'192.168.0.4');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (5,3.25,adddate(now(),-5),'192.168.0.5');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (6,3.26,adddate(now(),-6),'192.168.0.6');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (7,3.27,adddate(now(),-7),'192.168.0.7');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (8,3.28,adddate(now(),-8),'192.168.0.8');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (9,3.29,adddate(now(),-9),'192.168.0.9');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (10,3.30,adddate(now(),-10),'192.168.0.10');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (11,3.31,adddate(now(),-11),'192.168.0.11');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (12,3.32,adddate(now(),-12),'192.168.0.12');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (13,3.33,adddate(now(),-13),'192.168.0.13');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (14,3.34,adddate(now(),-14),'192.168.0.14');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (15,3.35,adddate(now(),-15),'192.168.0.15');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into session values (16,3.36,adddate(now(),-16),'192.168.0.16');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> create table tmp_session(
-> cust_id varchar(10),
-> cust_amount decimal(16,2) ,
-> cust_date DATE,
-> cust_ip varchar(20)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> select sum(cust_amount) from session
-> where cust_date > adddate(now(),-7);
+------------------+
| sum(cust_amount) |
+------------------+
| 19.41 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into tmp_session
->
-> select sum(cust_amount) from session
-> where cust_date > adddate(now(),-7);
ERROR 1136 (21S01): Column count doesn't match value count at row 1
mysql>
mysql> insert into tmp_session
-> select * from session
-> where cust_date > adddate(now(),-7);
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select sum(cust_amount) from tmp_session;
+------------------+
| sum(cust_amount) |
+------------------+
| 19.41 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)