文章目录
一、反射简介
程序在运行中也可以获取类的变量和方法信息,并通过获取到的信息来创建对象。程序不必再编译期就完成确定,在运行期仍然可以扩展。
示例:学生类
public class Student {
// 成员变量:公共、受保护、默认、私有各一个
public String name;
protected String pwd;
String sex;
private int age;
// 构造方法:公共两个,受保护、默认、私有各一个
public Student() {
}
protected Student(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
Student(String name, String pwd) {
this.name = name;
this.pwd = pwd;
}
private Student(String name, String pwd, String sex) {
this.name = name;
this.pwd = pwd;
this.sex = sex;
}
public Student(String name, String pwd, String sex, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.pwd = pwd;
this.sex = sex;
this.age = age;
}
// 成员方法:公共、受保护、默认、私有各一个
public void method1() {
System.out.println("public成员方法:method1");
}
protected void method2() {
System.out.println("protected成员方法:method2");
}
void method3() {
System.out.println("default成员方法:method3");
}
private void method4() {
System.out.println("private成员方法:method4");
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", pwd='" + pwd + '\'' + ", sex=" + sex + ", age=" + age + '}';
}
}
二、Class 类
类名:Class<T>
包名:java.lang.Class<T>
Class 类和 Class 文件的关系:java.lang.Class 类用于表示一个类的字节码(.class)文件
通过反射获取对象的方式有以下三种:
方式 | 描述 |
---|---|
类名.class | 当该类被加载成 .class 文件时,此时该类变成了 .class,再获取该字节码文件对象,也就是获取自己, 该类处于字节码阶段 |
对象.getClass() | 通过类的实例获取该类的字节码文件对象,该类处于创建对象阶段 |
Class.forName(“全限定类名”) | 通过 Class 类中的静态方法 forName 直接获取到该类的字节码文件对象,此时该类还是源文件阶段,并没有变为字节码文件 |
测试:
public class Test_01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
// 类名.class
Class<Student> s1 = Student.class;
// 对象.getClass()
Student student = new Student();
Class<? extends Student> s2 = student.getClass();
// Class.forName("包名.类名")
Class<?> s3 = Class.forName("A_11_reflect.Student");
System.out.println(s1 + "\n" + s2 + "\n" + s3);
System.out.println(s1 == s2 && s1 == s3 && s2 == s3);
}
}
运行:
class A_11_reflect.Student
class A_11_reflect.Student
class A_11_reflect.Student
true
三、构造方法
3.1、获取构造方法
修饰符和类型 | 方法 | 秒速 |
---|---|---|
Constructor<?>[] | getConstructors() | 返回该类所有的公共构造方法 |
Constructor | getConstructor(Class<?>… parameterTypes) | 返回该类指定的公共构造方法 |
Constructor<?>[] | getDeclaredConstructors() | 返回该类所有的构造方法 |
Constructor | getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>… parameterTypes) | 返回该类指定的构造方法 |
测试:
public class Test_02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException {
Class<Student> s = Student.class;
// 获取该类所有的公共构造方法
Constructor<?>[] constructors = s.getConstructors();
for (Constructor constructor : constructors) {
System.out.println("constructor = " + constructor);
}
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类指定的公共构造方法
Constructor<Student> c1 = s.getConstructor();
Constructor<Student> c2 = s.getConstructor(String.class, String.class, String.class, int.class);
System.out.println("c1 = " + c1);
System.out.println("c2 = " + c2);
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类所有的构造方法
Constructor<?>[] declaredConstructors = s.getDeclaredConstructors();
for (Constructor declaredConstructor : declaredConstructors) {
System.out.println("declaredConstructor = " + declaredConstructor);
}
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类指定的构造方法
Constructor<Student> c3 = s.getDeclaredConstructor();
Constructor<Student> c4 = s.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class);
Constructor<Student> c5 = s.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, String.class);
Constructor<Student> c6 = s.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, String.class, String.class);
Constructor<Student> c7 = s.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, String.class, String.class, int.class);
System.out.println("c3 = " + c3 + "\nc4 = " + c4 + "\nc5 = " + c5 + "\nc6 = " + c6 + "\nc7 = " + c7);
}
}
运行:
constructor = public A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,int)
constructor = public A_11_reflect.Student()
--------
c1 = public A_11_reflect.Student()
c2 = public A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,int)
--------
declaredConstructor = public A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,int)
declaredConstructor = private A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String)
declaredConstructor = A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String,java.lang.String)
declaredConstructor = protected A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String)
declaredConstructor = public A_11_reflect.Student()
--------
c3 = public A_11_reflect.Student()
c4 = protected A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String)
c5 = A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String,java.lang.String)
c6 = private A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String)
c7 = public A_11_reflect.Student(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,int)
3.2、调用构造方法
类名:Constructor<T>
包名:java.lang.reflect.Constructor<T>
修饰符和类型 | 构造方法 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
T | newInstance(Object… initargs) | 根据指定的构造方法创建对象 |
void | setAccessible(boolean flag) | 值设为 true,取消访问检查(访问私有属性时会被检查) |
测试:
public class Test_03 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class<Student> s = Student.class;
// 调用公共的无参构造方法创建对象
Constructor<Student> c0 = s.getConstructor();
Student student0 = c0.newInstance();
System.out.println("student0 = " + student0);
// 调用公共的有参构造方法创建对象
Constructor<Student> c1 = s.getConstructor(String.class, String.class, String.class, int.class);
Student student1 = c1.newInstance("张三", "123", "男", 23);
System.out.println("student1 = " + student1);
// 调用受保护的有参构造方法创建对象
Constructor<Student> c2 = s.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class);
Student student2 = c2.newInstance("李四");
System.out.println("student2 = " + student2);
// 调用默认的有参构造方法创建对象
Constructor<Student> c3 = s.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, String.class);
Student student3 = c3.newInstance("王五", "123");
System.out.println("student3 = " + student3);
// 调用私有的有参造方法创建对象
Constructor<Student> c4 = s.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, String.class, String.class);
c4.setAccessible(true); // 取消访问检查
Student student4 = c4.newInstance("赵六", "123", "男");
System.out.println("student4 = " + student4);
}
}
运行:
student0 = Student{name='null', pwd='null', sex=null, age=0}
student1 = Student{name='张三', pwd='123', sex=男, age=23}
student2 = Student{name='李四', pwd='null', sex=null, age=0}
student3 = Student{name='王五', pwd='123', sex=null, age=0}
student4 = Student{name='赵六', pwd='123', sex=男, age=0}
四、成员变量
4.1、获取成员变量
修饰符和类型 | 成员方法 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
Field[] | getFields() | 返回该类所有的公共成员变量 |
Field | getField(String name) | 返回该类指定的公共成员变量 |
Field[] | getDeclaredFields() | 返回该类所有的成员变量 |
Field | getDeclaredField(String name) | 返回该类指定的成员变量 |
测试:
public class Test_04 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchFieldException {
Class<Student> s = Student.class;
// 获取该类所有的公共成员变量
Field[] fields = s.getFields();
for (Field field : fields) {
System.out.println("field = " + field);
}
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类指定的公共成员变量
Field name1 = s.getField("name");
System.out.println("name1 = " + name1);
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类所有的成员变量
Field[] declaredFields = s.getDeclaredFields();
for (Field declaredField : declaredFields) {
System.out.println("declaredField = " + declaredField);
}
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类指定的成员变量
Field name = s.getDeclaredField("name");
Field pwd = s.getDeclaredField("pwd");
Field sex = s.getDeclaredField("sex");
Field age = s.getDeclaredField("age");
System.out.println("name = " + name + "\npwd = " + pwd + "\nsex = " + sex + "\nage = " + age);
}
}
运行:
field = public java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.name
--------
name1 = public java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.name
--------
declaredField = public java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.name
declaredField = protected java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.pwd
declaredField = java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.sex
declaredField = private int A_11_reflect.Student.age
--------
name = public java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.name
pwd = protected java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.pwd
sex = java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.sex
age = private int A_11_reflect.Student.age
4.2、调用成员变量
类名:Field
包名:java.lang.reflect.Field
修饰符和类型 | 成员方法 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
Object | set(Object obj, Object value) | 将 value 赋值给 obj 对象的成员变量 |
Object | get(Object obj) | 返回 obj 对象的成员变量值 |
测试:
public class Test_05 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class<Student> s = Student.class;
// 先获取所有成员变量
Field name = s.getDeclaredField("name");
Field pwd = s.getDeclaredField("pwd");
Field sex = s.getDeclaredField("sex");
Field age = s.getDeclaredField("age");
// 调用无参构造方法
Constructor<Student> c = s.getConstructor();
// 实例化
Student student = c.newInstance();
// 成员变量赋值
name.set(student, "张三");
pwd.set(student, "123");
sex.set(student, "男");
age.setAccessible(true); // 私有成员需取消访问检查
age.set(student, 23);
System.out.println("student = " + student);
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取成员变量值
System.out.println(name.get(student));
System.out.println(pwd.get(student));
System.out.println(sex.get(student));
System.out.println(age.get(student));
}
}
运行:
student = Student{name='张三', pwd='123', sex=男, age=23}
--------
张三
123
男
23
五、成员方法
5.1、获取成员方法
修饰符和类型 | 成员方法 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
Method[] | getMethods() | 返回该类所有的公共成员方法(包括继承的) |
Method | getMethod(String name, Class<?>… parameterTypes) | 返回该类指定的公共成员方法 |
Method[] | getDeclaredMethods() | 返回该类所有的成员方法(不包括继承的) |
Method | getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class<?>… parameterTypes) | 返回该类指定的成员方法 |
测试:
public class Test_06 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class<Student> s = Student.class;
// 获取该类所有的公共成员方法(包括继承的)
Method[] methods = s.getMethods();
for (Method method : methods) {
System.out.println("method = " + method);
}
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类指定的公共成员方法
Method method = s.getMethod("method1");
System.out.println("method1 = " + method);
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类所有的成员方法(不包括继承的)
Method[] declaredMethods = s.getDeclaredMethods();
for (Method declaredMethod : declaredMethods) {
System.out.println("declaredMethod = " + declaredMethod);
}
System.out.println("--------");
// 获取该类指定的成员方法
Method method1 = s.getDeclaredMethod("method1");
Method method2 = s.getDeclaredMethod("method2");
Method method3 = s.getDeclaredMethod("method3");
Method method4 = s.getDeclaredMethod("method4");
System.out.println("method1 = " + method1 + "\nmethod2 = " + method2 + "\nmethod3 = " + method3 + "\nmethod4 = " + method4);
}
}
运行:
method = public java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.toString()
method = public void A_11_reflect.Student.method1()
method = public final void java.lang.Object.wait() throws java.lang.InterruptedException
method = public final void java.lang.Object.wait(long,int) throws java.lang.InterruptedException
method = public final native void java.lang.Object.wait(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException
method = public boolean java.lang.Object.equals(java.lang.Object)
method = public native int java.lang.Object.hashCode()
method = public final native java.lang.Class java.lang.Object.getClass()
method = public final native void java.lang.Object.notify()
method = public final native void java.lang.Object.notifyAll()
--------
method1 = public void A_11_reflect.Student.method1()
--------
declaredMethod = public java.lang.String A_11_reflect.Student.toString()
declaredMethod = public void A_11_reflect.Student.method1()
declaredMethod = protected void A_11_reflect.Student.method2()
declaredMethod = void A_11_reflect.Student.method3()
declaredMethod = private void A_11_reflect.Student.method4()
--------
method1 = public void A_11_reflect.Student.method1()
method2 = protected void A_11_reflect.Student.method2()
method3 = void A_11_reflect.Student.method3()
method4 = private void A_11_reflect.Student.method4()
5.2、调用成员方法
类名:Method
包名:java.lang.reflect.Method
修饰符和类型 | 成员方法 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
Object | invoke(Object obj, Object… args) | obj:调用方法的对象,args:方法的参数 |
测试:
public class Test_07 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class<Student> s = Student.class;
// 获取类的无参构造方法
Constructor<Student> constructor = s.getConstructor();
// 实例化
Student student = constructor.newInstance();
// 调用方法
Method[] declaredMethods = s.getDeclaredMethods();
for (Method declaredMethod : declaredMethods) {
declaredMethod.setAccessible(true); // 取消私有成员方法访问检查
declaredMethod.invoke(student);
}
}
}
运行:
protected成员方法:method2
default成员方法:method3
private成员方法:method4
public成员方法:method1
六、反射示例
6.1、示例1
需求:往 ArrayList<Integer>
集合中添加字符串数据。
示例:
// 越过泛型检查
public class Test_08 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ArrayList<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>();
arrayList.add(1);
arrayList.add(2);
arrayList.add(3);
System.out.println("arrayList = " + arrayList);
Class<? extends ArrayList> arrayListClass = arrayList.getClass();
Method add = arrayListClass.getMethod("add", Object.class);
add.invoke(arrayList, "张三");
add.invoke(arrayList, "李四");
add.invoke(arrayList, "王五");
System.out.println("arrayList = " + arrayList);
}
}
运行:
arrayList = [1, 2, 3]
arrayList = [1, 2, 3, 张三, 李四, 王五]
6.2、示例2
需求:通过 properties.txt 配置文件运行类中的方法。
示例:
className=A_11_reflect/demo/Student
methodName=study
parameter=张三
public class Student {
public void study(String name) {
System.out.println(name + "同学爱学习!");
}
}
public class Teacher {
public void study(String name) {
System.out.println(name + "老师爱学习!");
}
}
测试:
public class Test_01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// 加载数据
Properties p = new Properties();
// 读取配置
FileReader fr = new FileReader(".\\properties.txt");
p.load(fr);
fr.close();
// 获取类名
String className = p.getProperty("className");
// 获取方法名
String methodName = p.getProperty("methodName");
// 获取参数
String parameter = p.getProperty("parameter");
// 反射获取类的实例
Class<?> clazz = Class.forName(className);
// 获取类的构造方法
Constructor<?> con = clazz.getConstructor();
// 类实例化
Object o = con.newInstance();
// 获取方法对象,指定参数类型
Method m = clazz.getMethod(methodName, String.class);
// o对象调用m方法传入parameter参数
m.invoke(o, parameter);
System.out.println("o = " + o);
}
}
运行:
张三同学爱学习!