tracert命令及用法
Tracert（跟踪路由）是路由跟踪实用程序，用于确定 IP 数据报访问目标所采取的路径。
Tracert 命令用 IP 生存时间 (TTL) 字段和 ICMP 错误消息来确定从一个主机到网络上其他主机的路由。
Tracert 工作原理 通过向目标发送不同 IP 生存时间 (TTL) 值的“Internet 控制消息协议 (ICMP)”回应数据包，Tracert 诊断程序确定到目标所采取的路由。要求路径上的每个路由器在转发数据包之前至少将数据包上的 TTL 递减 1。数据包上的 TTL 减为 0 时，路由器应该将“ICMP 已超时”的消息发回源系统。
Tracert 先发送 TTL 为 1 的回应数据包，并在随后的每次发送过程将 TTL 递增 1，直到目标响应或 TTL 达到最大值，从而确定路由。
通过检查中间路由器发回的“ICMP 已超时”的消息确定路由。某些路由器不经询问直接丢弃 TTL 过期的数据包，这在 Tracert 实用程序中看不到。
Tracert 命令按顺序打印出返回“ICMP 已超时”消息的路径中的近端路由器接口列表。
如果使用 -d 选项，则 Tracert 实用程序不在每个 IP 地址上查询 DNS。
在下例中，数据包必须通过两个路由器（10.0.0.1 和 192.168.0.1）才能到达主机 172.16.0.99。
主机的默认网关是 10.0.0.1，192.168.0.0 网络上的路由器的 IP 地址是 192.168.0.1。
C:\>tracert 172.16.0.99 -d Tracing route to 172.16.0.99 over a maximum of 30 hops 1 2s 3s 2s 10,0.0,1 2 75 ms 83 ms 88 ms 192.168.0.1 3 73 ms 79 ms 93 ms 172.16.0.99 Trace complete.
- /*----------------------------------------------------------
- 功能说明：该程序简单实现了Windows操作系统的tracert命令功能，
- 可以输出IP报文从本机出发到达目的主机所经过的路由信息。
- 注意：程序编译时应使用1字节对齐方式调整边界!
- -----------------------------------------------------------*/
- #include <iostream.h>
- #include <iomanip.h>
- #include <winsock2.h>
- #include <ws2tcpip.h>
- #include "itracert.h"
- int main(int argc, char* argv[])
- {
- //检查命令行参数
- if (argc != 2)
- {
- cerr << "\nUsage: itracert ip_or_hostname\n";
- return -1;
- }
- //初始化winsock2环境
- WSADATA wsa;
- if (WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &wsa) != 0)
- {
- cerr << "\nFailed to initialize the WinSock2 DLL\n"
- << "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
- return -1;
- }
- //将命令行参数转换为IP地址
- u_long ulDestIP = inet_addr(argv[1]);
- if (ulDestIP == INADDR_NONE)
- {
- //转换不成功时按域名解析
- hostent* pHostent = gethostbyname(argv[1]);
- if (pHostent)
- {
- ulDestIP = (*(in_addr*)pHostent->h_addr).s_addr;
- //输出屏幕信息
- cout << "\nTracing route to " << argv[1]
- << " [" << inet_ntoa(*(in_addr*)(&ulDestIP)) << "]"
- << " with a maximum of " << DEF_MAX_HOP << " hops.\n" << endl;
- }
- else //解析主机名失败
- {
- cerr << "\nCould not resolve the host name " << argv[1] << '\n'
- << "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
- WSACleanup();
- return -1;
- }
- }
- else
- {
- //输出屏幕信息
- cout << "\nTracing route to " << argv[1]
- << " with a maximum of " << DEF_MAX_HOP << " hops.\n" << endl;
- }
- //填充目的Socket地址
- sockaddr_in destSockAddr;
- ZeroMemory(&destSockAddr, sizeof(sockaddr_in));
- destSockAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
- destSockAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = ulDestIP;
- //使用ICMP协议创建Raw Socket
- SOCKET sockRaw = WSASocket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP, NULL, 0, WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED);
- if (sockRaw == INVALID_SOCKET)
- {
- cerr << "\nFailed to create a raw socket\n"
- << "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
- WSACleanup();
- return -1;
- }
- //设置端口属性
- int iTimeout = DEF_ICMP_TIMEOUT;
- if (setsockopt(sockRaw, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, (char*)&iTimeout, sizeof(iTimeout)) == SOCKET_ERROR)
- {
- cerr << "\nFailed to set recv timeout\n"
- << "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
- closesocket(sockRaw);
- WSACleanup();
- return -1;
- }
- if (setsockopt(sockRaw, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, (char*)&iTimeout, sizeof(iTimeout)) == SOCKET_ERROR)
- {
- cerr << "\nFailed to set send timeout\n"
- << "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
- closesocket(sockRaw);
- WSACleanup();
- return -1;
- }
- //创建ICMP包发送缓冲区和接收缓冲区
- char IcmpSendBuf[sizeof(ICMP_HEADER)+DEF_ICMP_DATA_SIZE];
- memset(IcmpSendBuf, 0, sizeof(IcmpSendBuf));
- char IcmpRecvBuf[MAX_ICMP_PACKET_SIZE];
- memset(IcmpRecvBuf, 0, sizeof(IcmpRecvBuf));
- //填充待发送的ICMP包
- ICMP_HEADER* pIcmpHeader = (ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf;
- pIcmpHeader->type = ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST;
- pIcmpHeader->code = 0;
- pIcmpHeader->id = (USHORT)GetCurrentProcessId();
- memset(IcmpSendBuf+sizeof(ICMP_HEADER), 'E', DEF_ICMP_DATA_SIZE);
- //开始探测路由
- DECODE_RESULT stDecodeResult;
- BOOL bReachDestHost = FALSE;
- USHORT usSeqNo = 0;
- int iTTL = 1;
- int iMaxHop = DEF_MAX_HOP;
- while (!bReachDestHost && iMaxHop--)
- {
- //设置IP数据报头的ttl字段
- setsockopt(sockRaw, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, (char*)&iTTL, sizeof(iTTL));
- //输出当前跳站数作为路由信息序号
- cout << setw(3) << iTTL << flush;
- //填充ICMP数据报剩余字段
- ((ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf)->cksum = 0;
- ((ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf)->seq = htons(usSeqNo++);
- ((ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf)->cksum = GenerateChecksum((USHORT*)IcmpSendBuf, sizeof(ICMP_HEADER)+DEF_ICMP_DATA_SIZE);
- //记录序列号和当前时间
- stDecodeResult.usSeqNo = ((ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf)->seq;
- stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime = GetTickCount();
- //发送ICMP的EchoRequest数据报
- if (sendto(sockRaw, IcmpSendBuf, sizeof(IcmpSendBuf), 0,
- (sockaddr*)&destSockAddr, sizeof(destSockAddr)) == SOCKET_ERROR)
- {
- //如果目的主机不可达则直接退出
- if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAEHOSTUNREACH)
- cout << '\t' << "Destination host unreachable.\n"
- << "\nTrace complete.\n" << endl;
- closesocket(sockRaw);
- WSACleanup();
- return 0;
- }
- //接收ICMP的EchoReply数据报
- //因为收到的可能并非程序所期待的数据报，所以需要循环接收直到收到所要数据或超时
- sockaddr_in from;
- int iFromLen = sizeof(from);
- int iReadDataLen;
- while (1)
- {
- //等待数据到达
- iReadDataLen = recvfrom(sockRaw, IcmpRecvBuf, MAX_ICMP_PACKET_SIZE,
- 0, (sockaddr*)&from, &iFromLen);
- if (iReadDataLen != SOCKET_ERROR) //有数据包到达
- {
- //解码得到的数据包，如果解码正确则跳出接收循环发送下一个EchoRequest包
- if (DecodeIcmpResponse(IcmpRecvBuf, iReadDataLen, stDecodeResult))
- {
- if (stDecodeResult.dwIPaddr.s_addr == destSockAddr.sin_addr.s_addr)
- bReachDestHost = TRUE;
- cout << '\t' << inet_ntoa(stDecodeResult.dwIPaddr) << endl;
- break;
- }
- }
- else if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAETIMEDOUT) //接收超时，打印星号
- {
- cout << setw(9) << '*' << '\t' << "Request timed out." << endl;
- break;
- }
- else
- {
- cerr << "\nFailed to call recvfrom\n"
- << "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
- closesocket(sockRaw);
- WSACleanup();
- return -1;
- }
- }
- //TTL值加1
- iTTL++;
- }
- //输出屏幕信息
- cout << "\nTrace complete.\n" << endl;
- closesocket(sockRaw);
- WSACleanup();
- return 0;
- }
- //产生网际校验和
- USHORT GenerateChecksum(USHORT* pBuf, int iSize)
- {
- unsigned long cksum = 0;
- while (iSize>1)
- {
- cksum += *pBuf++;
- iSize -= sizeof(USHORT);
- }
- if (iSize)
- cksum += *(UCHAR*)pBuf;
- cksum = (cksum >> 16) + (cksum & 0xffff);
- cksum += (cksum >> 16);
- return (USHORT)(~cksum);
- }
- //解码得到的数据报
- BOOL DecodeIcmpResponse(char* pBuf, int iPacketSize, DECODE_RESULT& stDecodeResult)
- {
- //检查数据报大小的合法性
- IP_HEADER* pIpHdr = (IP_HEADER*)pBuf;
- int iIpHdrLen = pIpHdr->hdr_len * 4;
- if (iPacketSize < (int)(iIpHdrLen+sizeof(ICMP_HEADER)))
- return FALSE;
- //按照ICMP包类型检查id字段和序列号以确定是否是程序应接收的Icmp包
- ICMP_HEADER* pIcmpHdr = (ICMP_HEADER*)(pBuf+iIpHdrLen);
- USHORT usID, usSquNo;
- if (pIcmpHdr->type == ICMP_ECHO_REPLY)
- {
- usID = pIcmpHdr->id;
- usSquNo = pIcmpHdr->seq;
- }
- else if(pIcmpHdr->type == ICMP_TIMEOUT)
- {
- char* pInnerIpHdr = pBuf+iIpHdrLen+sizeof(ICMP_HEADER); //载荷中的IP头
- int iInnerIPHdrLen = ((IP_HEADER*)pInnerIpHdr)->hdr_len * 4;//载荷中的IP头长
- ICMP_HEADER* pInnerIcmpHdr = (ICMP_HEADER*)(pInnerIpHdr+iInnerIPHdrLen);//载荷中的ICMP头
- usID = pInnerIcmpHdr->id;
- usSquNo = pInnerIcmpHdr->seq;
- }
- else
- return FALSE;
- if (usID != (USHORT)GetCurrentProcessId() || usSquNo !=stDecodeResult.usSeqNo)
- return FALSE;
- //处理正确收到的ICMP数据报
- if (pIcmpHdr->type == ICMP_ECHO_REPLY ||
- pIcmpHdr->type == ICMP_TIMEOUT)
- {
- //返回解码结果
- stDecodeResult.dwIPaddr.s_addr = pIpHdr->sourceIP;
- stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime = GetTickCount()-stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime;
- //打印屏幕信息
- if (stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime)
- cout << setw(6) << stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime << " ms" << flush;
- else
- cout << setw(6) << "<1" << " ms" << flush;
- return TRUE;
- }
- return FALSE;
- }
1万+
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
