ARM汇编编程学习

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-31 21:30:24 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-05-31 21:30:24 发布
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分类专栏： 嵌入式学习
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在嵌入式程序中，汇编语言多用于bootloader、内核的初始化以及效率要求比较高的程序代码中。

目前常用的ARM汇编指令有两种，一是ARM标准汇编，适用于ARM公司的汇编器适合在Windows平台中使用；二是GNU汇编，适用与交叉编译工具链中的汇编器，适合于Linux开发平台。

       和C语言有程序开发有它的程序框架一样，如包含头文件，宏定义，函数格式等等，汇编语言也有它的开发框架，如：

.section.data

     <初始化的数据>

.section.bss

<为初始化的数据>

.section.text

.global _start

_start:

...

...



_start为汇编语言的程序入口


下面分类介绍ARM指令，这里将ARM汇编指令分为6种：


       1）算数和逻辑指令


MOV 传送指令

       MOV ｛条件｝ ｛S｝ <dest> ,  <op 1>

     dest = op_1

MOV指令从另一个寄存器、被移位的寄存器或一个立即数装载到目的寄存器

MOV R0, R0, LSL#3


MVN:传送取反的值

 MVN ｛条件｝ ｛S｝ <dest> ,  <op 1>

dest = !op_1


SUB:减法

SUB   {条件}   ｛S｝ <dest>,  <op 1>,  <op 2>

dest = op_1  -   op_ 2


ADD :加法

ADD  {条件}   ｛S｝ <dest>,  <op 1>,  <op 2>

dest = op_1 +  op_ 2


AND:逻辑与

AND  {条件}   ｛S｝ <dest>,  <op 1>,  <op 2>

dest = op_1 and  op_ 2


ORR:逻辑或

ORR {条件}   ｛S｝ <dest>,  <op 1>,  <op 2>

dest = op_1 or  op_ 2


BIC:位清除

BIC {条件}   ｛S｝ <dest>,  <op 1>,  <op 2>

BIC 是在一个字中清除位的一个方法， 操作数2是一个32位的位掩码（mask），如在掩码中置1了某一位则清除这一位。

BIC R0, R0, #0b1011


2)比较指令

CMP:比较

CMP {条件}   ｛P｝ <op 1>,  <op 2>

status = op_1 - op_2

影响CSPR标志位

TST:测试位

CMP {条件}   ｛P｝ <op 1>,  <op 2>

status = op_1 and op_2

结果影响标志位

3）跳转指令

B：分支

B ｛条件｝ <地址>

BL：带链接的分支

BL ｛条件｝ <地址>

在分支之前R14寄存器中装载上了R15的内容，在分支程序执行结束之后可以将R14中的地址装载到R15中，从而返回分支之前的指令。


·4）移位指令

LSL:逻辑算术左移

左端高位移出数据丢弃，右端最低有效位用0补充

ROR:循环右移

将右侧移出的数据放在左侧


5）程序状态字访问指令 (对CRSR, SPSR操作的指令)

MSR  ：将普通寄存器中的数据写入程序状态字寄存器中

MRS:：将程序状态字寄存器中的数据保存至普通寄存器中

6)  存储器访问指令

LDR    Rd， <地址>  ；将内存中的数据传入寄存器中

STR    Rd， <地址> ；将寄存器中的数据存入内存中


STR  Rd， [Rbase, Rindex] ！  ；内存中的地址为 Rbase+ Rindex ,   ！表示将Rbase+ Rindex 写回至Rbase


下面讲解一下ARM汇编伪指令，首先说明一下什么是伪指令，伪指令本身并没有对应的机器码，只是在编译的时候起作用，或者转化为其他实际指令来运行。这里有必要解释一下机器码。

机器码是我们嵌入式芯片能够识别的代码，我们在编译器中编写的c或者汇编代码最终都要翻译为机器码。下图为机器码格式的说明。




ARM汇编伪指令可分为两类，定义类伪指令和操作类伪指令；

1）定义类伪指令

这里介绍7中定义类伪指令

global   ;全局变量声明

.data   ;数据段声明

.ascii;  数据段中字符串格式声明

.byte ; 数据段中字节格式声明

.word; 数据段中字格式声明

.equ ; 类似于c中的 #define宏定义

.align ; 字节对齐

2）操作类伪指令

nop   ; 空操作

ldr  ;受机器码格式的限制，arm汇编指令的操作数不能超过8位，这里定义ldr伪指令用于处理汇编代码中超过8位的操作数，使用范例    ldr r0, =0xfff


最后说明的指令是协处理器访问指令，为了减轻处理器负担，ARM处理器支持多达16个协处理器用于执行特定的任务，其中CP15是最重要的一个，用到的指令为mrc    mcr具体格式可参阅arm核参考手册

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专栏目录
学习ARM汇编的经典参考资料
03-28
学习ARM汇编指令的经典资料。 对ARM的各种汇编指令进行了深入全面的讲解，并给出了各种示例和详细注解，并且还对一些值得注意的点或是容易犯错误的地方进行了总结。 目录 前言................................................................................................................................................................i 目录................................................................................................................................................................I ARM7TDMI(-S)指令集及汇编....................................................................................................................1 ARM处理器寻址方式..........................................................................................................................2 寄存器寻址....................................................................................................................................2 立即寻址........................................................................................................................................2 寄存器偏移寻址............................................................................................................................2 寄存器间接寻址............................................................................................................................3 基址寻址........................................................................................................................................3 多寄存器寻址................................................................................................................................4 堆栈寻址........................................................................................................................................4 块拷贝寻址....................................................................................................................................5 相对寻址........................................................................................................................................5 指令集介绍............................................................................................................................................7 ARM指令集..................................................................................................................................7 指令格式................................................................................................................................7 第2个操作数................................................................................................................7 ＃immed_8r...........................................................................................................7 Rm..........................................................................................................................8 Rm,shift..................................................................................................................8 条件码............................................................................................................................9 ARM存储器访问指令........................................................................................................11 　 LDR和STR........................................................................................................11 　 LDM和STM.......................................................................................................14 　 SWP.....................................................................................................................17 ARM数据处理指令............................................................................................................19 数据传送指令..............................................................................................................20 　 MOV............................................................................................................20 　 MVN............................................................................................................20 算术逻辑运算指令......................................................................................................20 　 ADD.............................................................................................................20 　 SUB..............................................................................................................21 　 RSB..............................................................................................................21 　 ADC.............................................................................................................21 　 SBC..............................................................................................................21 　 RSC..............................................................................................................22 　 AND.............................................................................................................22 　 ORR..............................................................................................................22 　 EOR..............................................................................................................22 　 BIC...............................................................................................................23 比较指令......................................................................................................................23 　 CMP.............................................................................................................23 　 CMN.............................................................................................................23 　 TST...............................................................................................................24 　 TEQ..............................................................................................................24 乘法指令......................................................................................................................25 　 MUL.............................................................................................................25 　 MLA.............................................................................................................25 　 UMULL........................................................................................................25 　 UMLAL........................................................................................................26 　 SMULL........................................................................................................26 　 SMLAL........................................................................................................26 ARM跳转指令....................................................................................................................27 　 B...........................................................................................................................27 　 BL.........................................................................................................................27 　 BX........................................................................................................................27 ARM协处理器指令............................................................................................................28 　 CDP......................................................................................................................28 　 LDC......................................................................................................................29 　 STC......................................................................................................................29 　 MCR.....................................................................................................................30 　 MRC.....................................................................................................................30 ARM杂项指令....................................................................................................................31 　 SWI......................................................................................................................31 　 MRS.....................................................................................................................32 　 MSR.....................................................................................................................33 ARM伪指令........................................................................................................................34 　 ADR.....................................................................................................................35 　 ADRL...................................................................................................................35 　 LDR......................................................................................................................36 　 NOP......................................................................................................................37 Thumb指令集.............................................................................................................................39 Thumb指令集与ARM指令集的区别..............................................................................39 Thumb存储器访问指令.....................................................................................................40 　 LDR和STR........................................................................................................41 　 PUSH和POP......................................................................................................43 　 LDMIA和STMIA..............................................................................................43 Thumb数据处理指令.........................................................................................................45 数据传送指令..............................................................................................................46 　 MOV............................................................................................................46 　 MVN............................................................................................................46 　 NEG..............................................................................................................47 算术逻辑运算指令......................................................................................................47 　 ADD.............................................................................................................47 　 SUB..............................................................................................................48 　 ADC.............................................................................................................49 　 SBC..............................................................................................................49 　 MUL.............................................................................................................50 　 AND.............................................................................................................50 　 ORR..............................................................................................................50 　 EOR..............................................................................................................51 　 BIC...............................................................................................................51 　 ASR..............................................................................................................51 　 LSL...............................................................................................................52 　 LSR..............................................................................................................52 　 ROR..............................................................................................................53 比较指令......................................................................................................................53 　 CMP.............................................................................................................53 　 CMN.............................................................................................................54 　 TST...............................................................................................................54 Thumb跳转指令.........................................................................................................55 　 B...................................................................................................................55 　 BL.................................................................................................................55 　 BX................................................................................................................55 Thumb杂项指令.........................................................................................................56 　 SWI..............................................................................................................56 Thumb伪指令.............................................................................................................57 　 ADR.............................................................................................................57 　 LDR..............................................................................................................57 　 NOP..............................................................................................................58 伪指令..................................................................................................................................................59 符号定义伪指令..........................................................................................................................59 　 GBLA、GBLL、GBLS..............................................................................................59 　 LCLA、LCLL、LCLS................................................................................................60 　 SETA、SETL、SETS.................................................................................................61 　 RLIST...........................................................................................................................61 　 CN................................................................................................................................62 　 CP.................................................................................................................................62 　 DN、SN.......................................................................................................................62 　 FN.................................................................................................................................63 数据定义伪指令..........................................................................................................................63 　 LTORG.........................................................................................................................64 　 MAP.............................................................................................................................64 　 FIELD..........................................................................................................................65 　 SPACE..........................................................................................................................66 　 DCB.............................................................................................................................66 　 DCD和DCDU............................................................................................................67 　 DCDO..........................................................................................................................67 　 DCFD和DCFDU........................................................................................................68 　 DCFS和DCFSU.........................................................................................................68 　 DCI...............................................................................................................................69 　 DCQ和DCQU............................................................................................................69 　 DCW和DCWU..........................................................................................................70 报告伪指令..................................................................................................................................70 　 ASSERT.......................................................................................................................70 　 INFO............................................................................................................................71 　 OPT..............................................................................................................................71 　 TTL和SUBT..............................................................................................................72 汇编控制伪指令..........................................................................................................................73 　 IF、ELSE和ENDIF...................................................................................................73 　 MACRO和MEND.....................................................................................................74 　 WHIL和WEND.........................................................................................................75 杂项伪指令..................................................................................................................................76 　 ALIGN.........................................................................................................................77 　 AREA...........................................................................................................................78 　 CODE16和CODE32..................................................................................................79 　 END.............................................................................................................................80 　 ENTRY.........................................................................................................................80 　 EQU.............................................................................................................................81 　 EXPORT和GLOBAL................................................................................................81 　 IMPORT和EXTERN.................................................................................................82 　 GET和INCLUDE......................................................................................................83 　 INCBIN........................................................................................................................83 　 KEEP............................................................................................................................83 　 NOFP...........................................................................................................................84 　 REQUIRE....................................................................................................................84 　 PEQUIRE8和PRESERVE8.......................................................................................84 　 RN................................................................................................................................84 　 ROUT...........................................................................................................................85 ARM伪指令................................................................................................................................86 　 ADR.............................................................................................................................86 　 ADRL...........................................................................................................................86 　 LDR..............................................................................................................................86 　 NOP..............................................................................................................................86 　 LDFD...........................................................................................................................86 　 LDFS............................................................................................................................87 Thumb伪指令.............................................................................................................................87 　 ADR.............................................................................................................................87 　 LDR..............................................................................................................................87 　 NOP..............................................................................................................................88 ARM汇编程序设计............................................................................................................................88 文件格式......................................................................................................................................88 ARM汇编的一些规范................................................................................................................88 汇编语句格式......................................................................................................................88 标号......................................................................................................................................89 　 基于PC的标号...................................................................................................89 　 基于寄存器的标号..............................................................................................90 　 绝对地址..............................................................................................................90 局部标号..............................................................................................................................90 符号......................................................................................................................................91 常量......................................................................................................................................91 　 数字常数..............................................................................................................91 　 字符常量..............................................................................................................92 　 布尔常量..............................................................................................................92 段定义..................................................................................................................................92 宏定义及其作用..................................................................................................................93 子程序的调用..............................................................................................................................94 数据比较跳转..............................................................................................................................95 循环..............................................................................................................................................95 数据块复制..................................................................................................................................95 栈操作..........................................................................................................................................96 特殊寄存器定义及应用..............................................................................................................96 散转功能......................................................................................................................................97 查表操作......................................................................................................................................97 长跳转..........................................................................................................................................97 对信号量的支持..........................................................................................................................98 伪指令使用..................................................................................................................................98 一个完整的例子..........................................................................................................................98 外围部件控制..............................................................................................................................99 三级流水线介绍..........................................................................................................................99 C与汇编混合编程............................................................................................................................100 内嵌汇编....................................................................................................................................100 内嵌汇编的指令用法........................................................................................................103 内嵌汇编器与armasm汇编器的差异.............................................................................104 内嵌汇编注意事项............................................................................................................104 访问全局变量............................................................................................................................106 C与汇编相互调用....................................................................................................................107 寄存器的使用规则............................................................................................................108 堆栈使用规则....................................................................................................................108 参数传递规则....................................................................................................................109 C程序调用汇编程序........................................................................................................110 汇编程序调用C程序.......................................................................................................111 ARM指令集列表..............................................................................................................................113 ARM存储器访问指令表列表..................................................................................................113 ARM数据处理指令列表..........................................................................................................114 ARM乘法指令列表..................................................................................................................115 ARM跳转指令列表..................................................................................................................116 ARM协处理器指令列表..........................................................................................................117 ARM杂项指令列表..................................................................................................................118 ARM伪指令列表......................................................................................................................119 Thumb指令集列表...........................................................................................................................120 Thumb存储器访问指令列表...................................................................................................120 Thumb数据处理指令列表.......................................................................................................121 Thumb跳转指令及软中断指令列表.......................................................................................122 Thumb伪指令列表...................................................................................................................123 汇编预定义变量及伪指令................................................................................................................124 预定义的寄存器和协处理器名................................................................................................124 通用寄存器........................................................................................................................124 程序状态寄存器................................................................................................................124 浮点数寄存器....................................................................................................................124 协处理器及协处理器寄存器............................................................................................125 内置变量列表............................................................................................................................125 伪指令列表................................................................................................................................126 指令条件码列表........................................................................................................................128 CPSR和SPSR分配图.............................................................................................................................129
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MATT's TechBlog
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参考《ARM体系结构与编程》第三、四章。 1，伪指令介绍       伪指令不属于指令集。汇编在第一次扫描时只扫描了指令，而将伪指令中的东西作为“动态内容”作了标记而已。所以在第一次扫描所得到的清单中是没有看到它占用内存的。       所以不会计算其中的数据的。而第二次扫描才能得到。       指令集是属于机器CPU的，一个类型CPU就有这样一个指令集。而伪指令则是由汇编软件提供的，比如
Keil错误Unable to automatically place AT section malloc.o(.ARM.__AT_0x20000000) with required base add
qlexcel的专栏
01-03 8176
Keil错误“Unable to automatically place AT section malloc.o(.ARM.__AT_0x20000000) with required base address 0x20000000. Please manually place in the scatter file using the --no_autoat option. ”    一般是使用...
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