linux管道二：FIFO命名管道

FIFO有时又被称为命名管道，通过该管道的名字，可以实现在任意2个进程之间的消息传递：

       #include <sys/stat.h>
       int mkfifo(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);
       int mkfifoat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, mode_t mode);

mkfifo的用法同open函数，该函数创建文件名pathname指定的管道文件，mode指定文件权限位，mkfifoat用法同openat,此时dirfd
代表文件路径，pathnmae代表文件名。注意mkfifo只是创建管道文件，如果要使用管道文件，则还要调用open来打开管道。
        当open一个FIFO时，非阻塞标志(O_NONBLOCK)会产生下列影响。
        在一般情况下(没有指定O_NONBLOCK),只读open要阻塞到某个其他进程为写而打开这个FIFO为止。类似地，只写open要阻塞到某个其他进程为读而打开它为止。
        如果指定了O_NONBLOCK，则只读open立即返回，只写open将返回-1，并将errno设为ENXIO。

一个例子：

​
#include	"unpipc.h"

#define	FIFO1	"/tmp/fifo.1"
#define	FIFO2	"/tmp/fifo.2"

void	client(int, int), server(int, int);

int  main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int		readfd, writefd;
	pid_t	childpid;

		/* 4create two FIFOs; OK if they already exist */
	if ((mkfifo(FIFO1, FILE_MODE) < 0) && (errno != EEXIST))
		err_sys("can't create %s", FIFO1);
	if ((mkfifo(FIFO2, FILE_MODE) < 0) && (errno != EEXIST)) {
		unlink(FIFO1);
		err_sys("can't create %s", FIFO2);
	}

	if ( (childpid = Fork()) == 0) {		/* child */
		readfd = Open(FIFO1, O_RDONLY, 0);
		writefd = Open(FIFO2, O_WRONLY, 0);

		server(readfd, writefd);
		exit(0);
	}
		/* 4parent */
	writefd = Open(FIFO1, O_WRONLY, 0);
	readfd = Open(FIFO2, O_RDONLY, 0);

	client(readfd, writefd);

	Waitpid(childpid, NULL, 0);		/* wait for child to terminate */

	Close(readfd);
	Close(writefd);

	Unlink(FIFO1);
	Unlink(FIFO2);
	exit(0);
}

void  client(int readfd, int writefd)
{
	size_t	len;
	ssize_t	n;
	char	buff[MAXLINE];

		/* 4read pathname */
	Fgets(buff, MAXLINE, stdin);
	len = strlen(buff);		/* fgets() guarantees null byte at end */
	if (buff[len-1] == '\n')
		len--;				/* delete newline from fgets() */

		/* 4write pathname to IPC channel */
	Write(writefd, buff, len);

		/* 4read from IPC, write to standard output */
	while ( (n = Read(readfd, buff, MAXLINE)) > 0)
		Write(STDOUT_FILENO, buff, n);
}

void  server(int readfd, int writefd)
{
	int		fd;
	ssize_t	n;
	char	buff[MAXLINE+1];

		/* 4read pathname from IPC channel */
	if ( (n = Read(readfd, buff, MAXLINE)) == 0)
		err_quit("end-of-file while reading pathname");
	buff[n] = '\0';		/* null terminate pathname */

	if ( (fd = open(buff, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
			/* 4error: must tell client */
		snprintf(buff + n, sizeof(buff) - n, ": can't open, %s\n",
				 strerror(errno));
		n = strlen(buff);
		Write(writefd, buff, n);

	} else {
			/* 4open succeeded: copy file to IPC channel */
		while ( (n = Read(fd, buff, MAXLINE)) > 0)
			Write(writefd, buff, n);
		Close(fd);
	}
}

代码功能，父进程从标准输入读一个文件名，并将该文件名写入管道FIFO1，子进程在管道 FIFO1中读取文件名，通过文件名，子进程读取文件内容，并将文件内容写入管道FIFO2为父进程提供服务，父进程读取管道FIFO2,取回数据。整个过程如下:

程序的管道结构如下: