postgresql中case when的使用

已于 2022-05-17 15:47:36 修改
阅读量1.8w 收藏 6
点赞数 1
分类专栏： 数据库 文章标签： postgresql case when
于 2018-11-15 16:44:33 首次发布
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，遵循 CC 4.0 BY-SA 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接和本声明。
本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/cainiaobulan/article/details/84106883
版权 
SELECT
        jb.ID::varchar,
        jb.name,
        CASE jb.banquet_type
			  WHEN 1 THEN '公司年会'
				WHEN 2 THEN '家宴'
				WHEN 3 THEN '开业庆典'
				WHEN 4 THEN '满月宴'
				WHEN 5 THEN '乔迁'
				WHEN 6 THEN '周岁宴'
				WHEN 7 THEN '同学聚会'
				WHEN 8 THEN '婚宴'
				WHEN 9 THEN '升学宴'
				WHEN 10 THEN '白事'
				WHEN 11 THEN '寿宴'
				WHEN 12 THEN '其他'
				END AS banquet_type
FROM yjn_banquet jb

这种写法有个不好的地方就是 如果项目需要国际化，这边有点不好搞

小城南
关注
  • 1
    点赞
  • 踩
  • 6
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 2
    评论
专栏目录
POSTGRES 多条件数量统计---CASE WHEN 妙用
weixin_43317111的博客
06-08 1058
创建表select。
oracle学习文档 笔记 全面 深刻 详细 通俗易懂 doc word格式 清晰 连接字符串
05-06
oracle学习文档 笔记 全面 深刻 详细 通俗易懂 doc word格式 清晰 第一章 Oracle入门 一、 数据库概述 数据库（Database）是按照数据结构来组织、存储和管理数据的仓库，它产生于距今五十年前。简单来说是本身可视为电子化的文件柜——存储电子文件的处所，用户可以对文件中的数据运行新增、截取、更新、删除等操作。 常见的数据模型 1. 层次结构模型: 层次结构模型实质上是一种有根结点的定向有序树，IMS(Information Manage-mentSystem)是其典型代表。 2. 网状结构模型：按照网状数据结构建立的数据库系统称为网状数据库系统，其典型代表是DBTG(Data Base Task Group)。 3. 关系结构模型：关系式数据结构把一些复杂的数据结构归结为简单的二元关系(即二维表格形式)。常见的有Oracle、mssql、mysql等 二、 主流数据库 数据库名 公司 特点 工作环境 mssql 微软 只能能运行在windows平台，体积比较庞大，占用许多系统资源， 但使用很方便，支持命令和图形化管理，收费。 中型企业 Mysql 甲骨文 是个开源的数据库server，可运行在多种平台, 特点是响应速度特别快，主要面向中小企业 中小型企业 PostgreSQL 号称“世界上最先进的开源数据库“，可以运行在多种平台下，是tb级数据库，而且性能也很好 中大型企业 oracle 甲骨文 获得最高认证级别的ISO标准安全认证，性能最高， 保持开放平台下的TPC-D和TPC-C的世界记录。但价格不菲 大型企业 db2 IBM DB2在企业级的应用最为广泛， 在全球的500家最大的企业中,几乎85%以上用DB2数据库服务器。收费 大型企业 Access 微软 Access是一种桌面数据库，只适合数据量少的应用，在处理少量 数据和单机访问的数据库时是很好的，效率也很高 小型企业 三、 Oracle数据库概述 ORACLE数据库系统是美国ORACLE公司（甲骨文）提供的以分布式数据库为核心的一组软件产品，是目前最流行的客户/服务器(CLIENT/SERVER)或B/S体系结构的数据库之一。  拉里•埃里森  就业前景 从就业与择业的角度来讲，计算机相关专业的大学生从事oracle方面的技术是职业发展中的最佳选择。 其一、就业面广：全球前100强企业99家都在使用ORACLE相关技术，中国政府机构，大中型企事业单位都能有ORACLE技术的工程师岗位。 其二、技术层次深：如果期望进入IT服务或者产品公司（类似毕博、DELL、IBM等），Oracle技术能够帮助提高就业的深度。 其三、职业方向多：Oracle数据库管理方向、Oracle开发及系统架构方向、Oracle数据建模数据仓库等方向。 四、 如何学习 认真听课、多思考问题、多动手操作、有问题一定要问、多参与讨论、多帮组同学 五、 体系结构 oracle的体系很庞大，要学习它，首先要了解oracle的框架。oracle的框架主要由物理结构、逻辑结构、内存分配、后台进程、oracle例程、系统改变号 (System Change Number)组成  物理结构 物理结构包含三种数据文件: 1) 控制文件 2) 数据文件 3) 在线重做日志文件  逻辑结构 功能：数据库如何使用物理空间 组成：表空间、段、区、块的组成层次 六、 oracle安装、卸载和启动  硬件要求 物理内存：1GB 可用物理内存：50M 交换空间大小：3.25GB 硬盘空间：10GB  安装 1. 安装程序成功下载，将会得到如下2个文件： 解压文件将得到database文件夹，文件组织如下： 点击setup.exe执行安装程序，开始安装。 2. 点击安装程序将会出现如下安装界面，步骤 1/9：配置安全更新 填写电子邮件地址(可以不填)，去掉复选框，点击下一步 3. 步骤2/9：选择安装选项 勾选第一个，安装和配置数据库，点击下一步 4. 步骤3/8：选择系统类 勾选第一个：桌面类，点击下一步 5. 步骤4/8：配置数据库安装 选择安装路径，选择数据库版本(企业版)，选择字符集(默认值) 填写全局数据库名，管理口令 6. 步骤5/8：先决条件检查 如果你的电脑满足要求但仍然显示检查失败，这时候直接忽略，勾选全部忽略 7. 步骤6/8：概要信息 核对将要安装数据的详细信息，并保存响应文件，以备以后查看。然后点击完成数据库安装 8. 步骤7/8：安装产品 产品安装过程中将会出现以上2个界面 9. 步骤8/8：完成安装  卸载Oracle 1. 在运行services.msc打开服务，停止Oracle的所有服务。 2. oracle11G自带一个卸载批处理\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\deinstall\deinstall.bat 3. 运行该批处理程序将自动完成oracle卸载工作，最后手动删除\app文件夹（可能需要重启才能删除） 4. 运行regedit命令，打开注册表窗口。删除注册表中与Oracle相关的内容，具体如下：  删除HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SOFTWARE/ORACLE目录。  删除HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SYSTEM/CurrentControlSet/Services中所有以oracle或OraWeb为开头的键。  删除HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SYSETM/CurrentControlSet/Services/Eventlog/application中所有以oracle开头的键。  删除HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT目录下所有以Ora、Oracle、Orcl或EnumOra为前缀的键。  删除HKEY_CURRENT_USER/SOFTWARE/Microsoft/windows/CurrentVersion/Explorer/MenuOrder/Start Menu/Programs中所有以oracle 开头的键。  删除HKDY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SOFTWARE/ODBC/ODBCINST.INI中除Microsoft ODBC for Oracle注册表键以外的所有含有Oracle的键。  删除环境变量中的PATHT CLASSPATH中包含Oracle的值。  删除“开始”/“程序”中所有Oracle的组和图标。  删除所有与Oracle相关的目录，包括： C:\Program file\Oracle目录。 ORACLE_BASE目录。 C:\Documents and Settings\系统用户名、LocalSettings\Temp目录下的临时文件。 七、 oracle中的数据库 八、 常用的工具  Sql Plus  Sql Developer  Oracle Enterprise Manager   第二章 用户和权限 一、 用户介绍 ORACLE用户是学习ORACLE数据库中的基础知识，下面就介绍下类系统常用的默认ORACLE用户: 1. sys用户：超级用户，完全是个SYSDBA(管理数据库的人)。拥有dba，sysdba，sysoper等角色或权限。是oracle权限最高的用户，登录时不能用normal。 2. system用户：超级用户，默认是SYSOPT(操作数据库的人)，不过它也能以SYSDBA的权限登陆。拥有普通dba角色权限。 3. scott用户：是个演示用户，是让你学习Oracle用的。 二、 常用命令 学习oracle，首先我们必须要掌握常用的基本命令，oracle中的命令比较多，常用的命令如下： 1. 登录命令(sqlplus) 说明：用于登录到oracle数据库 用法：sqlplus 用户名/密码 [as sysdba/sysoper] 注意：当用特权用户登录时，必须带上sysdba或sysoper 例子： 普通用户登录 sys用户登录 操作系统的身份登录 2. 连接命令(conn) 说明：用于连接到oracle数据库，也可实现用户的切换 用法：conn 用户名/密码 [as sysdba/sysoper] 注意：当用特权用户连接时，必须带上sysdba或sysoper 例子： 3. 断开连接(disc) 说明：断开与当前数据库的连接 用法：disc 4. 显示用户名(show user) 说明：显示当前用户名 用法：show user 5. 退出(exit) 说明：断开与当前数据库的连接并会退出 用法：exit 6. 编辑脚本(edit/ed) 说明：编辑指定或缓冲区的sql脚本 用法：edit [文件名] 列子： 7. 运行脚本 (start/@) 说明：运行指定的sql脚本 用法：start/@ 文件名 列子： 8. 印刷屏幕 (spool) 说明：将sql*plus屏幕中的内容输出到指定的文件 用法：开始印刷->spool 文件名 结束印刷->spool off 列子： 文件内容 9. 显示宽度 (linesize) 说明：设置显示行的宽度，默认是80个字符 用法：set linesize 120 10. 显示页数 (pagesize) 说明：设置每页显示的行数，默认是14页 用法：set pagesize 20 三、 用户管理 1. 创建用户 说明：Oracle中需要创建用户一定是要具有dba(数据库管理员)权限的用户才能创建，而且创建的新用户不具备任何权限，连登录都不可以。 用法：create user 新用户名 identified by 密码 例子： 2. 修改密码 说明：修改用户密码一般有两种方式，一种是通过命令password修改，另一种是通过语句alter user实现，如果要修改他人的密码，必须要具有相关的权限才可以 用法： 方式一 password [用户名] 方式二 alert user 用户名 identified by 新密码 例子： 修改当前用户(方式一) 修改当前用户(方式二) 修改其他用户(方式一) 修改其他用户(方式二) 3. 用户禁用与启用 说明：Oracle中想要禁用或启用一个账户也同样是使用alter user 命令来完成，只是语法和修改密码有所不同。 用法： 禁用 alert user 用户名 account lock 启用 alert user 用户名 account unlock 4. 删除用户 说明：Oracle中要删除一个用户，必须要具有dba的权限。而且不能删除当前用户，如果删除的用户有数据对象，那么必须加上关键字cascade。 用法：drop user 用户名 [cascade] 四、 用户权限与角色 1. 权限 Oracle中权限主要分为两种，系统权限和实体权限。  系统权限：系统规定用户使用数据库的权限。（系统权限是对用户而言)。  DBA: 拥有全部特权，是系统最高权限，只有DBA才可以创建数据库结构。  RESOURCE:拥有Resource权限的用户只可以创建实体，不可以创建数据库结构。  CONNECT:拥有Connect权限的用户只可以登录Oracle，不可以创建实体，不可以创建数据库结构。 注意： 对于普通用户：授予connect, resource权限。 对于DBA管理用户：授予connect，resource, dba权限。  授予系统权限 说明：要实现授予系统权限只能由DBA用户授出。 用法：grant 系统权限1[,系统权限2]… to 用户名1[,用户名2]…. 例子：  系统权限回收： 说明：系统权限只能由DBA用户回收 用法：revoke 系统权限 from 用户名 例子：  实体权限：某种权限用户对其它用户的表或视图的存取权限。（是针对表或视图而言的）。主要包括select, update, insert, alter, index, delete, all其中all包括所有权限。  授予实体权限 用法：grant 实体权限1[,实体权限2]… on 表名 to用户名1[,用户名2]…. 例子：  实体权限回收 用法：revoke 实体权限 on 表名from 用户名 例子：  查询用户拥有哪里权限： SQL> select * from role_tab_privs;//查询授予角色的对象权限 SQL> select * from role_role_privs;//查询授予另一角色的角色 SQL> select * from DBA_tab_privs;//查询直接授予用户的对象权限 SQL> select * from dba_role_privs;//查询授予用户的角色 SQL> select * from dba_sys_privs;//查询授予用户的系统权限 SQL> select * from role_sys_privs;//查询授予角色的系统权限 SQL> Select * from session_privs;// 查询当前用户所拥有的权限 2. 角色 角色。角色是一组权限的集合，将角色赋给一个用户，这个用户就拥有了这个角色中的所有权限。  系统预定义角色 预定义角色是在数据库安装后，系统自动创建的一些常用的角色。下面我们就简单介绍些系统角色：  CONNECT, RESOURCE, DBA这些预定义角色主要是为了向后兼容。其主要是用于数据库管理。oracle建议用户自己设计数据库管理和安全的权限规划，而不要简单的使用这些预定角色。将来的版本中这些角色可能不会作为预定义角色。  DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE， EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE，SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE这些角色主要用于访问数据字典视图和包。  EXP_FULL_DATABASE， IMP_FULL_DATABASE这两个角色用于数据导入导出工具的使用。  自定义角色 Oracle建议我们自定义自己的角色，使我们更加灵活方便去管理用户  创建角色 SQL> create role admin;  授权给角色 SQL> grant connect,resource to admin;  撤销角色的权限 SQL> revoke connect from admin;  删除角色 SQL> drop role admin;   第三章 Sql查询与函数 一、 SQL概述 SQL（Structured Query Language)结构化查询语言，是一种数据库查询和程序设计语言，用于存取数据以及查询、更新和管理关系数据库系统。同时也是数据库脚本文件的扩展名。  SQL语言主要包含5个部分  数据定义语言Data Definition Language(DDL），用来建立数据库、数据对象和定义其列。例如：CREATE、DROP、ALTER等语句。  数据操作语言Data Manipulation Language(DML），用来插入、修改、删除、查询，可以修改数据库中的数据。例如：INSERT（插入）、UPDATE（修改）、DELETE（删除）语句  数据查询语言 (Data Query Language, DQL) 是SQL语言中，负责进行数据查询而不会对数据本身进行修改的语句，这是最基本的SQL语句。例如：SELECT（查询）  数据控制语言Data Controlling Language（DCL），用来控制数据库组件的存取允许、存取权限等。例如：GRANT、REVOKE、COMMIT、ROLLBACK等语句。  事务控制语言（Transactional Control Language，TCL），用于维护数据的一致性，包括COMMIT（提交事务）、ROLLBACK（回滚事务）和SAVEPOINT（设置保存点）3条语句 二、 Oracle的数据类型 类型 参数 描述 字符类型 char 1~2000字节 固定长度字符串，长度不够的用空格补充 varchar2 1~4000字节 可变长度字符串，与CHAR类型相比，使用VARCHAR2可以节省磁盘空间，但查询效率没有char类型高 数值类型 Number(m,n) m(1~38) n(-84~127) 可以存储正数、负数、零、定点数和精度为38位的浮点数，其中，M表示精度，代表数字的总位数；N表示小数点右边数字的位数 日期类型 date 7字节 用于存储表中的日期和时间数据，取值范围是公元前4712年1月1日至公元9999年12月31日，7个字节分别表示世纪、年、月、日、时、分和秒 二进制数据类型 row 1~2000字节 可变长二进制数据，在具体定义字段的时候必须指明最大长度n long raw 1~2GB 可变长二进制数据 LOB数据类型 clob 1~4GB 只能存储字符数据 nclob 1~4GB 保存本地语言字符集数据 blob 1~4GB 以二进制信息保存数据 三、 DDL语言 1. Create table命令 用于创建表。在创建表时，经常会创建该表的主键、外键、唯一约束、Check约束等  语法结构 create table 表名( [字段名] [类型] [约束] ……….. CONSTRAINT fk_column FOREIGN KEY(column1,column2,…..column_n) REFERENCES tablename(column1,column2,…..column_n) )  例子： create table student( stuNo char(32) primary key,--主键约束 stuName varchar2(20) not null,--非空约束 cardId char(20) unique,--唯一约束 sex char(2) check(sex='男' or sex='女'),--检查约束 address varchar2(100) default '地址不详'--默认约束 ) create table mark( mid int primary key,--主键约束 stuNo char(32) not null, courseName varchar2(20) not null,--非空约束 score number(3) not null check(score>=0 and scoreselect * from em--查询所有数据 SQL>select ename,job from em--查询指定的字段数据 SQL> select * from emp where sal>1000--加条件 2. 聚合函数 聚合函数对一组值执行计算并返回单一的值。聚合函数忽略空值。聚合函数经常与 SELECT 语句的 GROUP BY 子句一同使用。不能在 WHERE 子句中使用组函数。  AVG(expression): 返回集合中各值的平均值 --查询所有人都的平均工资 select avg(sal) from emp  COUNT(expression): 以 Int32 形式返回集合中的项数 --查询工资低于2000的人数 select count(*) from emp where sal2000 5. 连接查询 连接查询是关系数据库中最主要的查询，主要包括内连接、外连接和交叉连接等。通过连接运算符可以实现多个表查询。  内连接 内连接也叫连接，是最早的一种连接。还可以被称为普通连接或者自然连接，内连接是从结果表中删除与其他被连接表中没有匹配行的所有行，所以内连接可能会丢失信息。  等值连接: select * from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno  不等值连接: select * from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno!=dept.deptno  外连接 外连接分为三种：左外连接，右外连接，全外连接。对应SQL：LEFT/RIGHT/FULL OUTER JOIN。通常我们省略outer 这个关键字。写成：LEFT/RIGHT/FULL JOIN。  左外连接(left join): 是以左表的记录为基础的 select * from emp left join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno  右外连接(right join): 和left join的结果刚好相反,是以右表(BL)为基础的 select * from emp right join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno  全外连接(full join): 左表和右表都不做限制，所有的记录都显示，两表不足的地方用null 填充 select * from emp full join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno  交叉连接 交叉连接即笛卡儿乘积，是指两个关系中所有元组的任意组合。一般情况下，交叉查询是没有实际意义的。 select * from cross full join dept 6. 常用查询  like模糊查询 --查询姓名首字母为S开始的员工信息 select * from emp where ename like 'S%' --查询姓名第三个字母为A的员工信息 select * from emp where ename like '__A%'  is null/is not null 查询 --查询没有奖金的雇员信息 select * from emp where comm is null --查询有奖金的雇员信息 select * from emp where comm is not null  in查询 --查询雇员编号为7566、7499、7844的雇员信息 select * from emp where empno in(7566,7499,7844)  exists/not exists查询(效率高于in) --查询有上级领导的雇员信息 select * from emp e where exists (select * from emp where empno=e.mgr) --查询没有上级领导的雇员信息 select * from emp e where not exists (select * from emp where empno=e.mgr)  all查询 --查询比部门编号为20的所有雇员工资都高的雇员信息 select * from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno=20)  union合并不重复 select * from emp where comm is not null union select * from emp where sal>3000  union all合并重复 select * from emp where comm is not null union all select * from emp where sal>3000 7. 子查询 当一个查询是另一个查询的条件时，称之为子查询。子查询是一个 SELECT 语句，它嵌套在一个 SELECT、SELECT...INTO 语句、INSERT...INTO 语句、DELETE 语句、或 UPDATE 语句或嵌套在另一子查询中。  在CREATE TABLE语句中使用子查询 --创建表并拷贝数据 create table temp(id,name,sal) as select empno,ename,sal from emp  在INSERT语句中使用子查询 --当前表拷贝 insert into temp(id,name,sal) select * from temp --从其他表指定字段拷贝 insert into temp(id,name,sal) select empno,ename,sal from emp  在DELETE语句中使用子查询 --删除SALES部门中的所有雇员 delete from emp where deptno in (select deptno from dept where dname='SALES')  在UPDATE语句中使用子查询 --修改scott用户的工资和smith的工资一致 update emp set sal=(select sal from emp where ename='SMITH') where ename='SCOTT' --修改black用户的工作,工资,奖金和scott一致 update emp set(job,sal,comm)=(select job,sal,comm from emp where ename='SCOTT') where ename='BLAKE'  在SELECT语句中使用子查询 --查询和ALLEN同一部门的员工信息 select * from emp where deptno in (select deptno from emp where ename='ALLEN') --查询工资大于部门平均工资的雇员信息 select * from emp e (select avg(sal) asal,deptno from emp group by deptno) t where e.deptno=t.deptno and e.sal>t.asal 六、 TCL语言 1. COMMIT commit --提交事务 2. ROLLBACK rollback to p1 --回滚到指定的保存点 rollback --回滚所有的保存点 3. SAVEPOINT savepoint p1 --设置保存点 4. 只读事务 只读事务是指只允许执行查询的操作，而不允许执行任何其它dml操作的事务，它的作用是确保用户只能取得某时间点的数据。 set transaction read only 七、 oracle函数 1. 字符串函数 字符串函数是oracle中比较常用的，下面我们就介绍些常用的字符串函数:  concat：字符串连接函数，也可以使用’||’ --将职位和雇员名称显示在一列中 select concat(ename,concat('(',concat(job,')'))) from emp select ename || '(' || job || ')' from emp  length：返回字符串的长度 --查询雇员名字长度为5个字符的信息 select * from emp where length(ename)=5  lower：将字符串转换成小写 --以小写方式显示雇员名 select lower(ename) from emp  upper：将字符串转换成大写 --以大写方式显示雇员名 select upper (ename) from emp  substr：截取字符串 --只显示雇员名的前3个字母 select substr(ename,0,3) from emp  replace：替换字符串 --将雇员的金额显示为*号 select ename,replace(sal,sal,’*’) from emp  instr：查找字符串 --查找雇员名含有’LA’字符的信息 select * from emp where instr(ename,’LA’)>0 2. 日期函数  sysdate：返回当前session所在时区的默认时间 --获取当前系统时间 select sysdate from dual  add_months：返回指定日期月份+n之后的值，n可以为任何整数 --查询当前系统月份+2的时间 select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual --查询当前系统月份-2的时间 select add_months(sysdate,-2) from dual  last_day：返回指定时间所在月的最后一天 --获取当前系统月份的最后一天 select last_day(sysdate) from dual  months_between：返回月份差，结果可正可负，当然也有可能为0 --获取入职日期距离当前时间多少天 select months_between(sysdate, hiredate) from emp  trunc：为指定元素而截去的日期值 --获取当前系统年，其他默认 select trunc(sysdate,'yy') from dual --查询81年2月份入职的雇员 select * from emp where trunc(hiredate,'mm')=trunc(to_date('1981-02','yyyy-mm'),'mm') 3. 转换函数  to_char：将任意类型转换成字符串 --日期转换 select to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual --数字转换 select to_char(-100.789999999999,'L99G999D999') from dual  数字格式控制符 符号 描述 9 代表一位数字，如果当前位有数字，显示数字，否则不显示(小数部分仍然会强制显示) 0 强制显示该位，如果当前位有数字，显示数字，否则显示0 $ 增加美元符号显示 L 增加本地货币符号显示 . 小数点符号显示 , 千分位符号显示  to_date：将字符串转换成日期对象 --字符转换成日期 select to_date('2011-11-11 11:11:11', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual  to_number：将字符转换成数字对象 --字符转换成数字对象 select to_number('209.976')*5 from dual select to_number('209.976', '9G999D999')*5 from dual 4. 数学函数  abs：返回数字的绝对值 select abs(-1999) from dual  ceil：返回大于或等于n的最小的整数值 select ceil(2.48) from dual  floor：返回小于等于n的最大整数值 select floor(2.48) from dual  round：四舍五入 select round(2.48) from dual select round(2.485,2) from dual  bin_to_num：二进制转换成十进制 select bin_to_num(1,0,0,1,0) from dual   第四章 锁 一、 概述 锁是实现数据库并发控制的一个非常重要的技术。当事务在对某个数据对象进行操作前，先向系统发出请求，对其加锁。加锁后事务就对该数据对象有了一定的控制，在该事务释放锁之前，其他的事务不能对此数据对象进行更新操作。 在数据库中有两种基本的锁类型：排它锁（Exclusive Locks，即X锁）和共享锁（Share Locks，即S锁）。当数据对象被加上排它锁时，其他的事务不能对它读取和修改。加了共享锁的数据对象可以被其他事务读取，但不能修改。 根据保护的对象不同，Oracle数据库锁可以分为以下几大类：  DML锁（data locks，数据锁），用于保护数据的完整性  DDL锁（dictionary locks，字典锁），用于保护数据库对象的结构，如表、索引等的结构定义  内部锁和闩（internal locks and latches），保护数据库的内部结构 二、 DML锁 DML锁的目的在于保证并发情况下的数据完整性，在Oracle数据库中，DML锁主要包括TM锁和TX锁，其中TM锁称为表级锁，TX锁称为事务锁或行级锁。 1. 行级锁 当事务执行数据库插入、更新、删除操作时，该事务自动获得操作表中操作行的排它锁 --不允许其他用户对雇员表的部门编号为20的数据进行修改 select * from emp where deptno=20 for update --不允许其他用户对雇员表的所有数据进行修改 select * from emp for update --如果已经被锁定，就不用等待 select * from emp for update nowait --如果已经被锁定，更新的时候等待5秒 select * from emp for update wait 5 2. 锁模式  0(none)  1(null)  2(rs)：行共享  3(rx)：行排他  4(s)：共享  5(srx)：共享行排他  6(x)：排他 数字越大，锁级别越高 3. 表级锁 当事务获得行锁后，此事务也将自动获得该行的表锁(行排他),以防止其它事务进行DDL语句影响记录行的更新  行共享锁(RS锁)：允许用户进行任何操作，禁止排他锁 lock table emp in row share mode  行排他锁(RX锁)：允许用户进行任何操作，禁止共享锁 lock table emp in row exclusive mode  共享锁(R锁)：其他用户只能看，不能修改 lock table emp in share mode  排他锁(X锁)：其他用户只能看，不能修改，不能加其他锁 lock table emp in exclusive mode  共享行排他(SRX锁)：比行排他和共享锁级别高，不能添加共享锁 lock table emp in share row exclusive mode 4. 锁兼容性 S X RS RX SRX N/A S Y N Y N N Y X N N N N N Y RS Y N Y Y Y Y RX N N Y Y N Y SRX N N Y N N Y N/Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 5. 死锁 当两个事务需要一组有冲突的锁，而不能将事务继续下去的话，就出现死锁。 1) 用户A修改A表，事务不提交 2) 用户B修改B表，事务不提交 3) 用户A修改B表，阻塞 4) 用户B修改A表，阻塞 Oracle系统能自动发现死锁，并会自动选择工作量最少的事务进行撤销和释放所有锁 6. 悲观锁和乐观锁 数据的锁定分为两种方法，第一种叫做悲观锁，第二种叫做乐观锁  悲观锁：就是对数据的冲突采取一种悲观的态度，也就是说假设数据肯定会冲突，所以在数据开始读取的时候就把数据锁定住。  乐观锁：就是认为数据一般情况下不会造成冲突，所以在数据进行提交更新的时候，才会正式对数据的冲突与否进行检测，如果发现冲突了，则让用户返回错误的信息，让用户决定如何去做。 三、 DDL锁 1. 排它DDL锁 创建、修改、删除一个数据库对象的DDL语句获得操作对象的排它锁。 2. 共享DDL锁 需在数据库对象之间建立相互依赖关系的DDL语句通常需共享获得DDL锁 3. 分析锁 分析锁是一种独特的DDL锁类型，ORACLE使用它追踪共享池对象及它所引用数据库对象之间的依赖关系 四、 内部锁和闩 这是ORACLE中的一种特殊锁，用于顺序访问内部系统结构。当事务需向缓冲区写入信息时，为了使用此块内存区域，ORACLE首先必须取得这块内存区域的闩锁，才能向此块内存写入信息。   第五章 数据库对象 一、 概述 ORACLE数据库主要有如下数据库对象：  tablespace and datafile(表空间和数据文件)  table(表)  constraints(约束)  index(索引)  view(试图)  sequence(序列)  synonyms(同义词)  DB-link(数据库链路) 二、 表空间和数据文件 表空间是数据库的逻辑组成部分，从物理上讲，数据库数据是存放在数据文件中，从逻辑上讲数据库则是存放在表空间中，表空间是由一个或多个数据文件组成。  表空间  某一时刻只能属于一个数据库  由一个或多个数据文件组成  可进一步划分为逻辑存储  表空间主要分为两种  System表空间  随数据库创建  包含数据字典  包含system还原段  非system表空间  用于分开存储段  易于空间管理  控制分配给用户的空间量  数据文件  只能属于一个表空间和一个数据库  是方案对象数据的资料档案库  创建表空间  语法 CREATE TABLESPACE tablespacename [DATAFILE clause] [MINIMUM EXTENT integer[k|m]] [BLOCKSIZE integer[k]] [LOGGING|NOLOGGING] [DEFAULT storage_clause] [ONLINE|OFFLINE] [PERMANENT|TEMPORARY] [extent_management_clause] [segment_management_clause]  例子 --创建本地管理表空间 create tablespace firstSpance datafile 'e:/firstspance.dbf'size 100M extent management local uniform size 256k --修改文件大小 alter database datafile 'e:/firstspance.dbf' resize 110m --删除表空间 drop tablespace firstSpance INCLUDING CONTENTS and datafiles --使用数据库表空间 --创建用户指定表空间 create user guest identified by 123456 default tablespace firstSpance --表中指定表空间 create table account( accountid number(4), accountName varchar2(20) )tablespace firstSpance --表空间脱机 alter tablespace firstSpance offline --表空间联机 alter tablespace firstSpance online --表空间只读，不能进行dml操作 alter tablespace firstSpance read only 三、 同义词 Oracle数据库中提供了同义词管理的功能。同义词是数据库方案对象的一个别名，经常用于简化对象访问和提高对象访问的安全性。Oracle同义词有两种类型，分别是公用Oracle同义词与私有Oracle同义词。  公有同义词  语法 CREATE [OR REPLACE] PUBLIC SYNONYM sys_name FOR [SCHEMA.] object_name  创建（需拥有CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM权限才可以创建） --创建同义词 create public synonym syn_emp for scott.emp --访问同义词 select * from syn_emp  删除 drop public synonym syn_emp  私有同义词  语法 CREATE [OR REPLACE] SYNONYM sys_name FOR [SCHEMA.] object_name  创建 --创建同义词 create synonym syn_pri_emp for emp --访问同义词 select * from syn_ pri _emp  删除 drop public synonym syn_emp 四、 表分区 当表中的数据量不断增大，查询数据的速度就会变慢，应用程序的性能就会下降，这时就应该考虑对表进行分区。表进行分区后，逻辑上表仍然是一张完整的表，只是将表中的数据在物理上存放到多个表空间(物理文件上)，这样查询数据时，不至于每次都扫描整张表。  优点：  改善查询性能：对分区对象的查询可以仅搜索自己关心的分区，提高检索速度。  增强可用性：如果表的某个分区出现故障，表在其他分区的数据仍然可用；  维护方便：如果表的某个分区出现故障，需要修复数据，只修复该分区即可；  均衡I/O：可以把不同的分区映射到磁盘以平衡I/O，改善整个系统性能。  使用场合  表的大小超过2GB  表中包含历史数据，新的数据被增加都新的分区中  常见分区方法:  范围 --- 8  Hash --- 8i  列表 --- 9i  组合 --- 8i 1. 范围分区 范围分区将数据基于范围映射到每一个分区，这个范围是你在创建分区时指定的分区键决定的。这种分区方式是最为常用的，并且分区键经常采用日期。  特点:  最早、最经典的分区算法  Range分区通过对分区字段值的范围进行分区  Range分区特别适合于按时间周期进行数据的存储。日、周、月、年等。  数据管理能力强(数据迁移、数据备份、数据交换)  范围分区的数据可能不均匀  范围分区与记录值相关，实施难度和可维护性相对较差  例子  按值划分 --创建 CREATE TABLE book ( bookid NUMBER(5), bookname VARCHAR2(30), price NUMBER(8) )PARTITION BY RANGE (price)--分区字段 ( PARTITION P1 VALUES LESS THAN (4) TABLESPACE system, PARTITION P2 VALUES LESS THAN (8) TABLESPACE system, PARTITION P3 VALUES LESS THAN (maxvalue) TABLESPACE system, ) --MAXVALUE代表了一个不确定的值,这个值高于其它分区中的任何分区键的值  按日期划分 CREATE TABLE student ( stuno NUMBER(5), stuname VARCHAR2(30), birthday date )PARTITION BY RANGE (birthday)--分区字段 ( PARTITION P1990 VALUES LESS THAN (to_date('1990-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system, PARTITION P1991 VALUES LESS THAN (to_date('1991-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ); 2. Hash分区(散列分区) 这类分区是在列值上使用散列算法，以确定将行放入哪个分区中。当列的值没有合适的条件时，建议使用散列分区。散列分区为通过指定分区编号来均匀分布数据的一种分区类型。如果你要使用hash分区，只需指定分区的数量即可。建议分区的数量采用2的n次方，这样可以使得各个分区间数据分布更加均匀。  特点  基于分区字段的HASH值，自动将记录插入到指定分区。  分区数一般是2的幂  易于实施  总体性能最佳  适合于静态数据  HASH分区适合于数据的均匀存储  数据管理能力弱  HASH分区对数据值无法控制  例子 CREATE TABLE classes ( clsno NUMBER(5), clsname VARCHAR2(30) )PARTITION BY HASH(clsno)--分区字段 ( PARTITION ph1 tablespace system, PARTITION ph2 tablespace system ) 3. List分区(列表分区) 该分区的特点是某列的值只有几个，基于这样的特点我们可以采用列表分区。  特点  List分区通过对分区字段的离散值进行分区  List分区是不排序的，而且分区之间也没有关联  List分区适合于对数据离散值进行控制  List分区只支持单个字段  List分区具有与range分区相似的优缺点  数据管理能力强  各分区的数据可能不均匀  例子 CREATE TABLE users ( userid NUMBER(5), username VARCHAR2(30), province char(5) )PARTITION BY list(province)--分区字段 ( PARTITION pl1 values('广东') tablespace system, PARTITION pl2 values('江西') tablespace system, PARTITION pl3 values('广西') tablespace system, PARTITION pl4 values('湖南') tablespace system ); 4. 组合分区 常见的组合分区主要有范围散列分区和范围列表分区  特点  既适合于历史数据，又适合于数据均匀分布  与范围分区一样提供高可用性和管理性  实现粒度更细的操作  组合范围列表分区 这种分区是基于范围分区和列表分区，表首先按某列进行范围分区，然后再按某列进行列表分区，分区之中的分区被称为子分区。  例子 CREATE TABLE student ( stuno NUMBER(5), stuname VARCHAR2(30), birthday date, province char(5) )PARTITION BY RANGE (birthday) --主分区字段 subpartition BY LIST(province)--子分区字符 ( PARTITION P1990 VALUES LESS THAN(to_date('1990-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ( SUBPARTITION pl1 values('广东') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION pl2 values('江西') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION pl3 values('广西') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION pl4 values('湖南') tablespace system ), PARTITION P1991 VALUES LESS THAN(to_date('1991-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ( SUBPARTITION p21 values('广东') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION p22 values('江西') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION p23 values('广西') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION p24 values('湖南') tablespace system ) );  组合范围散列分区 这种分区是基于范围分区和散列分区，表首先按某列进行范围分区，然后再按某列进行散列分区。  例子 CREATE TABLE student ( stuno NUMBER(5), stuname VARCHAR2(30), birthday date )PARTITION BY RANGE(birthday) --主分区字段 SUBPARTITION BY HASH(stuno)--子分区字符 ( PARTITION P1990 VALUES LESS THAN(to_date('1990-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ( SUBPARTITION ph12 tablespace system, SUBPARTITION ph13 tablespace system ), PARTITION P1991 VALUES LESS THAN(to_date('1991-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ( SUBPARTITION ph21 tablespace system, SUBPARTITION ph22 tablespace system ) ); 5. 表分区常用操作  添加分区 --添加主分区 alter table book add partition p4 values less than(maxvalue) tablespace system --添加子分区 ALTER TABLE student MODIFY PARTITION P1990 ADD SUBPARTITION pl5 values('福建')  删除分区 --删除主分区 ALTER TABLE student DROP PARTITION P1990 --删除子分区 ALTER TABLE student DROP SUBPARTITION p15  重命名表分区 ALTER TABLE student RENAME PARTITION P21 TO P2  显示数据库所有分区表的信息 select * from DBA_PART_TABLES  显示当前用户所有分区表的信息 select * from USER_PART_TABLES  查询指定表分区数据 select * from users partition(pl2)--主分区 select * from users subpartition(phl2)--子分区  删除分区表一个分区的数据 alter table book truncate partition p11   第六章 视图 一、 概述 视图是基于一个表或多个表或视图的逻辑表，本身不包含数据，通过它可以对表里面的数据进行查询和修改。视图基于的表称为基表。视图是存储在数据字典里的一条select语句。 通过创建视图可以提取数据的逻辑上的集合或组合。  为什么使用视图  控制数据访问  简化查询  数据独立性  避免重复访问相同的数据  使用修改基表的最大好处是安全性，即保证那些能被任意人修改的列的安全性  Oracle中视图分类  关系视图  内嵌视图  对象视图  物化视图 二、 关系视图 关系视图是作为数据库对象存在的，创建之后也可以通过工具或数据字典来查看视图的相关信息。关系视图是4种视图中最简单，同时也最常用的视图。  语法 CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[, alias]...)] AS subquery [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint]] [WITH READ ONLY] 1. OR REPLACE:若所创建的试图已经存在，ORACLE自动重建该视图 2. FORCE:不管基表是否存在ORACLE都会自动创建该视图 3. NOFORCE:只有基表都存在ORACLE才会创建该视图 4. Alias:为视图产生的列定义的别名 5. subquery:一条完整的SELECT语句，可以在该语句中定义别名 6. WITH CHECK OPTION:插入或修改的数据行必须满足视图定义的约束 7. WITH READ ONLY:该视图上不能进行任何DML操作  例子 create or replace view view_Account_dept as select * from emp where deptno=10 --只读视图 create or replace view view_Account_dept as select * from emp where deptno=10 order by sal with read only --约束视图 create or replace view view_Account_dept as select * from emp where deptno=10 with check option  查询视图 select * from emp where view_Account_dept  修改视图 通过OR REPLACE 重新创建同名视图即可  删除视图 DROP VIEW VIEW_NAME语句删除视图  视图上的DML 操作原则 1. 简单视图可以执行DML操作； 2. 在视图包含GROUP函数，GROUP BY子句，DISTINCT关键字时不能执行delete语句 3. 在视图包含GROUP函数，GROUP BY子句，DISTINCT关键字，ROWNUM为例，列定义为表达式时不能执行update语句 4. 在视图包含GROUP函数，GROUP BY子句，DISTINCT关键字，ROWNUM为例，列定义为表达式，表中非空的列子视图定义中未包括时不能执行insert语句 5. 可以使用WITH READ ONLY来屏蔽DML操作 三、 内嵌视图 内嵌视图是在from语句中的可以把表改成一个子查询。内嵌视图不属于任何用户，也不是对象，内嵌视图是子查询的一种。  例子 Select * from (select * from emp where deptno=10) where sal>2000 四、 对象视图 对象类型在数据库编程中有许多好处，但有时，应用程序已经开发完成。为了迎合对象类型而重建数据表是不现实的。对象视图正是解决这一问题的优秀策略。 五、 物化视图 常用于数据库的容灾，不是传统意义上虚拟视图，是实体化视图，和表一样可以存储数据、查询数据。主备数据库数据同步通过物化视图实现，主备数据库通过data link连接，在主备数据库物化视图进行数据复制。当主数据库垮掉时，备数据库接管，实现容灾。  语法 create materialized view materialized_view_name build [immediate|deferred] --1.创建方式 refresh [complete|fast|force|never] --2.物化视图刷新方式 on [commit|demand] --3.刷新触发方式 start with (start_date) --4.开始时间 next (interval_date) --5.间隔时间 with [primary key|rowid] --默认 primary key ENABLE QUERY REWRITE --7.是否启用查询重写 as --8.关键字 select statement; --9.基表选取数据的select语句 1. 创建方式  immediate(默认):立即  deferred:延迟，至第一次refresh时，才生效 2. 物化视图刷新方式  force(默认):如果可以快速刷新，就执行快速刷新,否则，执行完全刷新  complete:完全刷新，即刷新时更新全部数据，包括视图中已经生成的原有数据  fast:快速刷新，只刷新增量部分。前提是，需要在基表上创建物化视图日志。该日志记录基表数据变化情况，所以才能实现增量刷新  never:从不刷新 3. 刷新触发方式  on commit:基表有commit动作时，刷新视图，不能跨库执行(因为不知道别的库的提交动作)  on demand，在需要时刷新，根据后面设定的起始时间和时间间隔进行刷新，或者手动调用dbms_mview包中的过程刷新时再执行刷新。 4. 开始时间和间隔时间  4和5即开始刷新时间和下次刷新的时间间隔。如：start with sysdate next sysdate+1/1440表示马上开始，刷新间隔为1分钟。（与 on commit选项冲突） 5. 创建模式  primary key(默认):基于基表的主键创建  rowed:不能对基表执行分组函数、多表连结等需要把多个rowid合成一行的操作 6. 是否启用查询重写  如果设置了初始化参数query_rewrite_enabled=true则默认就会启用查询重写。但是，数据库默认该参数为false。并且，不是什么时候都应该启用查询重写。所以，该参数应该设置为false，而在创建特定物化视图时，根据需要开启该功能。 7. 注意  如果选择使用了上面第4,5选项，则不支持查询重写功能（原因很简单，所谓重写，就是将对基表的查询定位到了物化视图上，而4、5选项会造成物化视图上部分数据延迟，所以，不能重写）。  例子 --创建增量刷新的物化视图时应先创建存储的日志空间 --在scott.emp表中创建物化视图日志 create materialized view log on emp tablespace users with rowid; --开始创建物化视图 --方式一 create materialized view mv_emp tablespace users --指定表空间 build immediate --创建视图时即生成数据 refresh fast --基于增量刷新 on commit --数据DML操作提交就刷新 with rowid --基于ROWID刷新 as select * from emp --方式二 create materialized view mv_emp2 tablespace users --指定表空间 refresh fast --基于增量刷新 start with sysdate --创建视图时即生成数据 next sysdate+1/1440 /*每隔一分钟刷新一次*/ with rowid --基于ROWID刷新 as select * from emp --删除物化视图日志 drop materialized view mv_emp   第七章 索引 一、 概述 索引是建立在表上的可选对象，设计索引的目的是为了提高查询的速度。但同时索引也会增加系统的负担，进行影响系统的性能。 索引一旦建立后，当在表上进行DML操作时，Oracle会自动维护索引，并决定何时使用索引。 索引的使用对用户是透明的，用户不需要在执行SQL语句时指定使用哪个索引及如何使用索引，也就是说，无论表上是否创建有索引，SQL语句的用法不变。用户在进行操作时，不需要考虑索引的存在，索引只与系统性能相关。  索引的原理 当在一个没有创建索引的表中查询符合某个条件的记录时，DBMS会顺序地逐条读取每个记录与查询条件进行匹配，这种方式称为全表扫描。全表扫描方式需要遍历整个表，效率很低。  索引的类型 Oracle支持多种类型的索引，可以按列的多少、索引值是否唯一和索引数据的组织形式对索引进行分类，以满足各种表和查询条件的要求。  单列索引和复合索引  B树索引  位图索引  函数索引  创建索引 CREATE [UNIQUE] | [BITMAP] INDEX index_name ON table_name([column1 [ASC|DESC],column2 [ASC|DESC],…] | [express]) [TABLESPACE tablespace_name] [PCTFREE n1] [STORAGE (INITIAL n2)] [NOLOGGING] [NOLINE] [NOSORT]  UNIQUE：表示唯一索引，默认情况下，不使用该选项。  BITMAP：表示创建位图索引，默认情况下，不使用该选项。  PCTFREE：指定索引在数据块中的空闲空间。对于经常插入数据的表，应该为表中索引指定一个较大的空闲空间。  NOLOGGING：表示在创建索引的过程中不产生任何重做日志信息。默认情况下，不使用该选项。  ONLINE：表示在创建或重建索引时，允许对表进行DML操作。默认情况下，不使用该选项。  NOSORT：默认情况下，不使用该选项。则Oracle在创建索引时对表中记录进行排序。如果表中数据已经是按该索引顺序排列的，则可以使用该选项。 二、 单列索引和复合索引 一个索引可以由一个或多个列组成。基于单个列所创建的索引称为单列索引，基于两列或多列所创建的索引称为多列索引。 三、 B树索引 B树索引是Oracle数据库中最常用的一种索引。当使用CREATE INDEX语句创建索引时，默认创建的索引就是B树索引。B树索引就是一棵二叉树，它由根、分支节点和叶子节点三部分构成。叶子节点包含索引列和指向表中每个匹配行的ROWID值。叶子节点是一个双向链表，因此可以对其进行任何方面的范围扫描。 B树索引中所有叶子节点都具有相同的深度，所以不管查询条件如何，查询速度基本相同。另外，B树索引能够适应各种查询条件，包括精确查询、模糊查询和比较查询。  例子 --创建B树索引，属于单列索引 create index idx_emp_job on emp(job) --创建B树索引，属于复合索引 create index idx_emp_nameorsal on emp(ename,sal) --创建唯一的B树索引，属于单列索引 create unique index idx_emp_ename on emp(ename) --删除索引 drop index idx_emp_job drop index idx_emp_nameorsal drop index idx_emp_ename --如果表已存在大量的数据，需要规划索引段 create index idx_emp_nameorsal on emp(ename,sal) pctfree 30 tablespace system 四、 位图索引 在B树索引中，保存的是经排序过的索引列及其对应的ROWID值。但是对于一些基数很小的列来说，这样做并不能显著提高查询的速度。所谓基数，是指某个列可能拥有的不重复值的个数。比如性别列的基数为2（只有男和女）。 因此，对于象性别、婚姻状况、政治面貌等只具有几个固定值的字段而言，如果要建立索引，应该建立位图索引，而不是默认的B树索引。  例子 --创建位图索引,单列索引 create bitmap index idx_bm_job on emp(job) --创建位图索引,复合索引 create bitmap index idx_bm_jobordeptno on emp(job,deptno) --删除位图索引 drop index idx_bm_job drop index idx_bm_jobordeptno 五、 函数索引 函数索引既可以使用B树索引，也可以使用位图索引，可以根据函数或表达式的结果的基数大小来进行选择，当函数或表达式的结果不确定时采用B树索引，当函数或表达式的结果是固定的几个值时采用位图索引。  例子 --合并索引 alter index idx_emp_ename COALESCE 六、 并和重建索引 表在使用一段时间后，由于用户不断对其进行更新操作，而每次对表的更新必然伴随着索引的改变，因此，在索引中会产生大量的碎片，从而降低索引的使用效率。有两种方法可以清理碎片：合并索引和重建索引。  合并索引就是将B树叶子节点中的存储碎片合并在一起，从而提高存取效率，但这种合并并不会改变索引的物理组织结构。 --创建B树类型的函数索引 create index idx_fun_emp_hiredate on emp(to_char(hiredate,'yyyy-mm-dd')) --创建位图类型的函数索引 create index idx_fun_emp_job on emp(upper(job))  重建索引相当于删除原来的索引，然后再创建一个新的索引，因此，CREAT INDEX语句中的选项同样适用于重建索引。如果在索引列上频繁进行UPDATE和DELETE操作，为了提高空间的利用率，应该定期重建索引。 七、 管理索引的原则 使用索引的目的是为了提高系统的效率，但同时它也会增加系统的负担，进行影响系统的性能，因为系统必须在进行DML操作后维护索引数据。 在新的SQL标准中并不推荐使用索引，而是建议在创建表的时候用主键替代。因此，为了防止使用索引后反而降低系统的性能，应该遵循一些基本的原则: 1. 小表不需要建立索引。 2. 对于大表而言，如果经常查询的记录数目少于表中总记录数目的15%时，可以创建索引。这个比例并不绝对，它与全表扫描速度成反比。 3. 对于大部分列值不重复的列可建立索引。 4. 对于基数大的列，适合建立B树索引，而对于基数小的列适合建立位图索引。 5. 对于列中有许多空值，但经常查询所有的非空值记录的列，应该建立索引。 6. LONG和LONG RAW列不能创建索引。 7. 经常进行连接查询的列上应该创建索引。 8. 在使用CREATE INDEX语句创建查询时，将最常查询的列放在其他列前面。 9. 维护索引需要开销，特别时对表进行插入和删除操作时，因此要限制表中索引的数量。对于主要用于读的表，则索引多就有好处，但是，一个表如果经常被更改，则索引应少点。 10. 在表中插入数据后创建索引。如果在装载数据之前创建了索引，那么当插入每行时，Oracle都必须更改每个索引。 八、 ROWID和ROWNUM 1. ROWID rowid是一个伪列，是用来确保表中行的唯一性，它并不能指示出行的物理位置，但可以用来定位行。rowid是存储在索引中的一组既定的值（当行确定后）。我们可以像表中普通的列一样将它选出来, 利用rowid是访问表中一行的最快方式。rowid的是基于64位编码的18个字符显示（数据对象编号(6)+文件编号(3) +块编号(6)+行编号(3)=18位） select rowid from emp  ROWID的使用 --快速删除重复的记录 delete from temp t where rowid not in( select max(rowid) from temp where t.id=id and t.name=name and t.sal = sal ) 2. ROWNUM ROWNUM是一个序列，是oracle数据库从数据文件或缓冲区中读取数据的顺序。它取得第一条记录则rownum值为1，第二条为2，依次类推。 select rownum,emp.* from emp  ROWID的使用 --取前3条记录 select * from emp where rownum<=3--方式一 select * from emp where rownum!=4--方式二 --分页 select * from emp where empno not in( select empno from emp where rownum<5--方式一 ) and rownum <4   第八章 PL/SQL编程 一、 介绍 PL/SQL是oracle在标准sql语言上的扩展，PL/SQL不仅允许嵌入sql语言，还可以定义变量和常量，允许使用例外处理各种错误，这样使它的功能变得更加强大。 PL/SQL也是一种语言，叫做过程化sql语言(procedural language/sql),通过此语言可以实现复杂功能或者复杂的计算。  优点 1. 提高应用程序的运行性能 2. 模块化的设计思想 3. 减少网络传输量 4. 提高安全性  缺点 1. 可移植性差 2. 违反MVC设计模式 3. 无法进行面向对象编程 4. 无法做成通用的业务逻辑框架 5. 代码可读性差，相当难维护  分类 二、 PL/SQL基础 1. 编写规范 1) 注释 --单行注释 /*块注释*/ 2) 标识符的命名规范  定义变量：建议用v_作为前缀v_price  定义常量：建议用c_作为前缀c_pi  定义游标：建议用_cursor作为后缀emp_cursor  定义例外：建议用e_作为前缀e_error 2. 块结构 PL/SQL块由三个部分组成：定义部分、执行部分、例外处理部分 Declare /* 定义部分(可选)：定义常量、变量、游标、例外，复杂数据类型 */ begin /* 执行部分(必须):要执行的PL/SQL语句和SQL语句 */ exception /*例外部分(可选):处理运行各种错误*/ end 案例一 ：只定义执行部分 begin /* dbms_output是oracle提供的包(类似java开发包) 该包包含一些过程，put_line就是其一个过程 */ dbms_output.put_line('HELLO WORLD'); --控制台输出 end; 案例二 ：定义声明部分和执行部分 declare --声明变量 v_name varchar2(20); v_sal number(7,2); begin --执行查询 select ename,sal into v_name,v_sal from emp where rownum=1; --控制台输出 dbms_output.put_line('用户名：' || v_name); dbms_output.put_line('工资：' || v_sal); end; 案例三 ：定义声明部分、执行部分和例外部分 declare --声明变量 v_name varchar2(20); v_sal number(7,2); begin --执行查询,条件中的&表示从控制接受数据 select ename,sal into v_name,v_sal from emp where empno=&no; --控制台输出 dbms_output.put_line('用户名：' || v_name); dbms_output.put_line('工资：' || v_sal); exception --例外处理(no_data_found) when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('执行查询没有结果'); end; 3. 预定义例外 1) case_not_found预定义例外 在开发pl/sql块中编写case语句时，如果在when子句中没有包含必须的条件分支，就会触发case_not_found例外。 2) cursor_already_open预定义例外 当重新打开已经打开的游标时，会隐含的触发cursor_already_open例外。 3) dup_val_on_index预定义例外 在唯一索引所对应的列上插入重复的值时，会隐含的触发例外 4) invalid_cursorn预定义例外 当试图在不合法的游标上执行操作时，会触发该例外 5) invalid_number预定义例外 当输入的数据有误时，会触发该例外 6) no_data_found预定义例外 当执行select into没有返回行，就会触发该例外 7) too_many_rows预定义例外 当执行select into语句时，如果返回超过了一行，则会触发该例外 8) zero_divide预定义例外 当执行2/0语句时，则会触发该例外 9) value_error预定义例外 当在执行赋值操作时，如果变量的长度不足以容纳实际数据，则会触发该例外value_error 10) others 4. 变量类型分类 在编写PL/SQL时，可以定义变量和常量，常用的类型主要有：  标量类型(scalar)  复合类型(composite)  参照类型(reference)  lob(large object) 5. 标量类型:常用类型 declare --定义一个变长字符串 v_name varchar2(20); --定义小数,并赋值 v_sal number(7,2) :=9.8; --定义整数 v_num number(4); --定义日期 v_birthday date; --定义布尔类型，不能为空，初始值为false v_flg boolean not null default false; --使用%type类型 v_job emp.job%type; begin v_flg := true; v_birthday :=sysdate; dbms_output.put_line('当前时间:' || v_birthday); end; 6. 复合类型：可以存放多个值。主要包括PL/SQL记录、PL/SQL表、嵌入表和varray这四种类型 记录类型：类似于c中的结构体 declare --定义记录类型 type emp_record_type is record( empno emp.empno%type, ename emp.ename%type, sal emp.sal%type ); --定义变量引用记录类型 v_record emp_record_type; begin --使用记录类型 select empno,ename,sal into v_record from emp where rownum=1; --控制台输出 dbms_output.put_line('雇员编号：' || v_record.empno); dbms_output.put_line('雇员姓名：' || v_record.ename); dbms_output.put_line('雇员工资：' || v_record.sal); end; 表类型:类似于java语言中的数组 declare --声明表类型 type emp_table_type is table of varchar2(20) index by PLS_INTEGER;--表示表按整数来排序 v_enames emp_table_type;--定义变量引用表类型 begin select ename into v_enames(0) from emp where rownum=1; select ename into v_enames(1) from emp where empno=7499; select ename into v_enames(2) from emp where empno=7698; --输出 dbms_output.put_line('下标0：' || v_enames(0)); dbms_output.put_line('下标1：' || v_enames(1)); dbms_output.put_line('下标2：' || v_enames(2)); end; varray类型:可变长数组 declare --定义varray类型 type varray_list is varray(20) of number(4); --定义变量引用varray类型 v_list varray_list:=varray_list(7369,7499,7566); begin --for i in v_list.first..v_list.last for i in 1..v_list.count loop dbms_output.put_line(v_list(i)); end loop; end; PL/SQL集合方法 1) exists():用于确定特定集合元素是否存在 2) count：用于返回集合变量的元素总个数 3) limit：用于返回varray变量所允许的最大元素个数 4) first：用于返回集合变量中的一个元素的下标 5) last：用于返回集合变量中最后一个元素的下标 6) prior()：返回当前元素前一个元素的下标 7) next()：返回当前元素后一个元素的下标 8) extend：为集合变量添加元素，此方法适合用于嵌套表和varray 9) trim：从集合变量尾部删除元素，此方法适用于嵌套表和varray 10) delete：从集合变量中删除特定的元素，此方法适用于嵌套表和index-by表 7. 参照类型:类似c语言中的指针，oracle的游标 三、 PL/SQL控制语句 1. 条件分支语句 1) if—then declare --声明变量 v_empno emp.empno%type; v_sal emp.sal%type; begin --根据雇员编号查询工资 select empno,sal into v_empno,v_sal from emp where empno=&no; --如果工资小于2000就加100 if v_sal<2000 then --工资加100 update emp set sal = sal+100 where empno=v_empno; --提交 commit; end if; end; 2) if—then—else declare --声明变量 v_loginname varchar2(10); v_password varchar2(10); begin --从控制台接收数据 v_loginname := '&ln'; v_password := '&pw'; if v_loginname = 'admin' and v_password = '123456' then dbms_output.put_line('用户登录成功！'); else dbms_output.put_line('用户登录失败！'); end if; end; 3) if—then—elsif—else declare --声明变量 v_empno emp.empno%type; v_job emp.job%type; begin --根据雇员编号查询职位 select empno,job into v_empno,v_job from emp where empno=&no; /*如果雇员所属职位是manager工资加1000 职位是salesman工资加500 其他职位加200 */ if v_job = 'MANAGER' then --MANAGER职位工资加1000 update emp set sal = sal+1000 where empno=v_empno; elsif v_job = 'SALESMAN' then --SALESMAN职位工资加500 update emp set sal = sal+500 where empno=v_empno; else --其他职位工资加200 update emp set sal = sal+200 where empno=v_empno; end if; --提交 commit; end; 4) case declare --声明变量 v_mark number(4); v_outstr varchar2(40); begin --从控制台接收成绩 v_mark := &m; case when v_mark=90 then v_outstr := '优秀'; when v_mark=80 then v_outstr := '良好'; when v_mark=70 then v_outstr := '中等'; when v_mark=60 then v_outstr := '及格'; when v_mark=0 then v_outstr := '不及格'; else v_outstr := '成绩输入有误'; end case; --控制台输出 dbms_output.put_line(v_outstr); end; 2. 循环语句 1) loop LOOP 要执行的语句; EXIT WHEN /*条件满足，退出循环语句*/ END LOOP; 其中：EXIT WHEN 子句是必须的，否则循环将无法停止。 declare v_num number(4):=1; begin --从控制台接收数据并插入到account表中 loop insert into account values(v_num,'&name'); exit when v_num =10; v_num :=v_num+1; end loop; end; 2) while WHILE LOOP要执行的语句;END LOOP; 其中：  循环语句执行的顺序是先判断的真假，如果为真则循环执行，否则退出循环  在WHILE循环语
【PostgreSql高阶语法 】1、CASE WHEN THEN END用法
大龄烤红薯的博客
11-10 957
case when then end 的用法
PGSQL CASE WHEN的应用
最新发布
qq_52284359的博客
01-30 646
有些业务直接使用sql进行查询，不仅查询效率更高，而且开发效率也比通过在代码中进行查询高。不墨迹，直接上业务截图，这里需要一个查询工单统计的接口（数据都在一张表中，且同一个用户在表中有条数据）
Rails.Angular.Postgres.and.Bootstrap.2nd.Edition
10-25
Achieve awesome user experiences and performance with simple, maintainable code! Embrace the full stack of web development, from styling with Bootstrap, building an interactive user interface with Angular 2, to storing data quickly and reliably in PostgreSQL. With this fully revised new edition, take a holistic view of full-stack development to create usable, high-performing applications with Rails 5. Rails is a great tool for building web applications, but it's not the best at everything. Embrace the features built into your database. Learn how to use front-end frameworks. Seize the power of the application stack through Angular 2, Bootstrap, and PostgreSQL. When used together, these powerful and easy-to-use tools will open you to a new world of possibilities. This second edition is updated to cover Angular 2 - a completely reworked front-end framework - and dives into new Postgres 9.5 features such as UPSERT. Also new is Webpack coverage, to develop the front-end code for your Rails application. Create a usable and attractive login form using Bootstrap's styles, while ensuring the database table backing it is secure using Postgres' check constraints. See how creating an advanced Postgres index for a case-insensitive search speeds up your back end - enabling you to create a dynamic user experience using Angular 2. Create reusable components that bring Bootstrap and Angular together and effectively use materialized views for caching within Postgres. Get your front end working with Webpack, use Postgres' features from migrations, and write unit tests for all of it. All of this within Rails 5. You'll gain the confidence to work at every level of the application stack, bringing the right solution to every problem. What You Need: This book covers Postgres 9.5, Rails 5, and Ruby 2.3. You should have some experience with basic Rails concepts and a cursory understanding of JavaScript, CSS, and SQL, but by no means need to be an expert. You'll learn how to install Postgres on your computer or use a free version of it in the cloud. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Set Up the Environment Chapter 2. Create a Great-Looking Login with Bootstrap and Devise Chapter 3. Secure the User Database with Postgres Constraints Chapter 4. Perform Fast Queries with Advanced Postgres Indexes Chapter 5. Create Clean Search Results with Bootstrap Components Chapter 6. Build a Dynamic UI with AngularJS Chapter 7. Test This Fancy New Code Chapter 8. Create a Single-Page App Using Angular's Router Chapter 9. Design Great UIs with Bootstrap's Grid and Components Chapter 10. Cache Complex Queries Using Materialized Views Chapter 11. Asynchronously Load Data from Many Sources Chapter 12. Wrangle Forms and Validations with Angular Chapter 13. Dig Deeper Appendix A1. Full Listing of Customer Detail Page HTML Appendix A2. Creating Customer Address Seed Data Appendix A3. How Webpack Affects Deployment
hn-heatmaps:再现与HN提交时间与提交分数相关的热图所需的代码和数据
05-22
hn-热图 再现将HN提交时间与提交分数相关联的热图所需的代码和数据。 在我的PostgreSQL数据库中使用此SQL查询检索数据，并使用的代码填充了： SELECT date_part('dow', created_at) AS dow, date_part('hour', created_at) As hour, COUNT(created_at) AS num_submissions, AVG(num_points) as avg_score, MEDIAN(num_points) as med_score, CAST(SUM(CASE WHEN num_points >= 10 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS numeric) / COUNT(num_points) as perc_greater_10 FROM hn_submissions GROU
Postgresql中（case、when)的用法
热门推荐
weixin_43075247的博客
06-30 2万+
1.case when ( case when substr(starttime::varchar,0,5)='2020' then '2020年' when substr(starttime::varchar,0,5)='2019' then '2019年' when substr(starttime::varchar,0,5)='2018' then '2018年' when substr(starttime::var
CASE WHEN的用法 PGSQL
xcagy-国际性的文档记录中心
09-03 1万+
select five_top,only_five, down_kind,line_road,b_id, CASE WHEN only_five&gt;0 THEN 1 END AS 五分以内, CASE WHEN five_top&gt;0 THEN 1 END AS 五分以上  from dtinfo_breakdown_info     select dtinfo_breakdown_i...
PGSQL中case when用法
Luckymario的博客
06-14 993
使用case when时注意如果要对case when的结果进行处理，要用（）把整个case when包起来。
【PostgreSQL】CASE WHEN 子查询使用
hikktn的博客
11-25 8018
用于多条件查询，相当于java的if/else。 语法结构： SELECT CASE WHEN 条件 THEN 结果 ELSE 结果 END 例子： SELECT CASE WHEN name = '张三' THEN (select name_id from user where id = ?) WHEN name ='李四' THEN (select name_id from user where parent_id = ?) ELSE NULL END FROM person where id
pgsql的case-when使用用例
m0_48187193的博客
05-07 6033
1. 使用when case和获取json里面的属性的sql用例 菜鸡的我sql写的少，pgsql的某些特性太强大了，记一下， 以后碰到了类的情况还能抄一抄代码。 with tmp as ( select task.*,(task_json::json->>'params')::json->>'outputTable' as outputTable,ins.show_name as processInstanceName, cast(((task_json::js
php.ini-development
05-08
[PHP] ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; About php.ini ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; PHP's initialization file, generally called php.ini, is responsible for ; configuring many of the aspects of PHP's behavior. ; PHP attempts to find and load this configuration from a number of locations. ; The following is a summary of its search order: ; 1. SAPI module specific location. ; 2. The PHPRC environment variable. (As of PHP 5.2.0) ; 3. A number of predefined registry keys on Windows (As of PHP 5.2.0) ; 4. Current working directory (except CLI) ; 5. The web server's directory (for SAPI modules), or directory of PHP ; (otherwise in Windows) ; 6. The directory from the --with-config-file-path compile time option, or the ; Windows directory (C:\windows or C:\winnt) ; See the PHP docs for more specific information. ; http://php.net/configuration.file ; The syntax of the file is extremely simple. Whitespace and lines ; beginning with a semicolon are silently ignored (as you probably guessed). ; Section headers (e.g. [Foo]) are also silently ignored, even though ; they might mean something in the future. ; Directives following the section heading [PATH=/www/mysite] only ; apply to PHP files in the /www/mysite directory. Directives ; following the section heading [HOST=www.example.com] only apply to ; PHP files served from www.example.com. Directives set in these ; special sections cannot be overridden by user-defined INI files or ; at runtime. Currently, [PATH=] and [HOST=] sections only work under ; CGI/FastCGI. ; http://php.net/ini.sections ; Directives are specified using the following syntax: ; directive = value ; Directive names are *case sensitive* - foo=bar is different from FOO=bar. ; Directives are variables used to configure PHP or PHP extensions. ; There is no name validation. If PHP can't find an expected ; directive because it is not set or is mistyped, a default value will be used. ; The value can be a string, a number, a PHP constant (e.g. E_ALL or M_PI), one ; of the INI constants (On, Off, True, False, Yes, No and None) or an expression ; (e.g. E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE), a quoted string ("bar"), or a reference to a ; previously set variable or directive (e.g. ${foo}) ; Expressions in the INI file are limited to bitwise operators and parentheses: ; | bitwise OR ; ^ bitwise XOR ; & bitwise AND ; ~ bitwise NOT ; ! boolean NOT ; Boolean flags can be turned on using the values 1, On, True or Yes. ; They can be turned off using the values 0, Off, False or No. ; An empty string can be denoted by simply not writing anything after the equal ; sign, or by using the None keyword: ; foo = ; sets foo to an empty string ; foo = None ; sets foo to an empty string ; foo = "None" ; sets foo to the string 'None' ; If you use constants in your value, and these constants belong to a ; dynamically loaded extension (either a PHP extension or a Zend extension), ; you may only use these constants *after* the line that loads the extension. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; About this file ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; PHP comes packaged with two INI files. One that is recommended to be used ; in production environments and one that is recommended to be used in ; development environments. ; php.ini-production contains settings which hold security, performance and ; best practices at its core. But please be aware, these settings may break ; compatibility with older or less security conscience applications. We ; recommending using the production ini in production and testing environments. ; php.ini-development is very similar to its production variant, except it's ; much more verbose when it comes to errors. We recommending using the ; development version only in development environments as errors shown to ; application users can inadvertently leak otherwise secure information. ; This is php.ini-development INI file. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Quick Reference ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; The following are all the settings which are different in either the production ; or development versions of the INIs with respect to PHP's default behavior. ; Please see the actual settings later in the document for more details as to why ; we recommend these changes in PHP's behavior. ; display_errors ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; display_startup_errors ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; error_reporting ; Default Value: E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT & ~E_DEPRECATED ; Development Value: E_ALL ; Production Value: E_ALL & ~E_DEPRECATED & ~E_STRICT ; html_errors ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production value: On ; log_errors ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; max_input_time ; Default Value: -1 (Unlimited) ; Development Value: 60 (60 seconds) ; Production Value: 60 (60 seconds) ; output_buffering ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: 4096 ; Production Value: 4096 ; register_argc_argv ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: Off ; Production Value: Off ; request_order ; Default Value: None ; Development Value: "GP" ; Production Value: "GP" ; session.gc_divisor ; Default Value: 100 ; Development Value: 1000 ; Production Value: 1000 ; session.hash_bits_per_character ; Default Value: 4 ; Development Value: 5 ; Production Value: 5 ; short_open_tag ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: Off ; Production Value: Off ; track_errors ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; url_rewriter.tags ; Default Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,form=,fieldset=" ; Development Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; Production Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; variables_order ; Default Value: "EGPCS" ; Development Value: "GPCS" ; Production Value: "GPCS" ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; php.ini Options ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Name for user-defined php.ini (.htaccess) files. Default is ".user.ini" ;user_ini.filename = ".user.ini" ; To disable this feature set this option to empty value ;user_ini.filename = ; TTL for user-defined php.ini files (time-to-live) in seconds. Default is 300 seconds (5 minutes) ;user_ini.cache_ttl = 300 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Language Options ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Enable the PHP scripting language engine under Apache. ; http://php.net/engine engine = On ; This directive determines whether or not PHP will recognize code between ; <? and ?> tags as PHP source which should be processed as such. It is ; generally recommended that <?php and ?> should be used and that this feature ; should be disabled, as enabling it may result in issues when generating XML ; documents, however this remains supported for backward compatibility reasons. ; Note that this directive does not control the <?= shorthand tag, which can be ; used regardless of this directive. ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: Off ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/short-open-tag short_open_tag = Off ; Allow ASP-style <% %> tags. ; http://php.net/asp-tags asp_tags = Off ; The number of significant digits displayed in floating point numbers. ; http://php.net/precision precision = 14 ; Output buffering is a mechanism for controlling how much output data ; (excluding headers and cookies) PHP should keep internally before pushing that ; data to the client. If your application's output exceeds this setting, PHP ; will send that data in chunks of roughly the size you specify. ; Turning on this setting and managing its maximum buffer size can yield some ; interesting side-effects depending on your application and web server. ; You may be able to send headers and cookies after you've already sent output ; through print or echo. You also may see performance benefits if your server is ; emitting less packets due to buffered output versus PHP streaming the output ; as it gets it. On production servers, 4096 bytes is a good setting for performance ; reasons. ; Note: Output buffering can also be controlled via Output Buffering Control ; functions. ; Possible Values: ; On = Enabled and buffer is unlimited. (Use with caution) ; Off = Disabled ; Integer = Enables the buffer and sets its maximum size in bytes. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to Off for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: 4096 ; Production Value: 4096 ; http://php.net/output-buffering output_buffering = 4096 ; You can redirect all of the output of your scripts to a function. For ; example, if you set output_handler to "mb_output_handler", character ; encoding will be transparently converted to the specified encoding. ; Setting any output handler automatically turns on output buffering. ; Note: People who wrote portable scripts should not depend on this ini ; directive. Instead, explicitly set the output handler using ob_start(). ; Using this ini directive may cause problems unless you know what script ; is doing. ; Note: You cannot use both "mb_output_handler" with "ob_iconv_handler" ; and you cannot use both "ob_gzhandler" and "zlib.output_compression". ; Note: output_handler must be empty if this is set 'On' !!!! ; Instead you must use zlib.output_handler. ; http://php.net/output-handler ;output_handler = ; Transparent output compression using the zlib library ; Valid values for this option are 'off', 'on', or a specific buffer size ; to be used for compression (default is 4KB) ; Note: Resulting chunk size may vary due to nature of compression. PHP ; outputs chunks that are few hundreds bytes each as a result of ; compression. If you prefer a larger chunk size for better ; performance, enable output_buffering in addition. ; Note: You need to use zlib.output_handler instead of the standard ; output_handler, or otherwise the output will be corrupted. ; http://php.net/zlib.output-compression zlib.output_compression = Off ; http://php.net/zlib.output-compression-level ;zlib.output_compression_level = -1 ; You cannot specify additional output handlers if zlib.output_compression ; is activated here. This setting does the same as output_handler but in ; a different order. ; http://php.net/zlib.output-handler ;zlib.output_handler = ; Implicit flush tells PHP to tell the output layer to flush itself ; automatically after every output block. This is equivalent to calling the ; PHP function flush() after each and every call to print() or echo() and each ; and every HTML block. Turning this option on has serious performance ; implications and is generally recommended for debugging purposes only. ; http://php.net/implicit-flush ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to On for the CLI SAPI implicit_flush = Off ; The unserialize callback function will be called (with the undefined class' ; name as parameter), if the unserializer finds an undefined class ; which should be instantiated. A warning appears if the specified function is ; not defined, or if the function doesn't include/implement the missing class. ; So only set this entry, if you really want to implement such a ; callback-function. unserialize_callback_func = ; When floats & doubles are serialized store serialize_precision significant ; digits after the floating point. The default value ensures that when floats ; are decoded with unserialize, the data will remain the same. serialize_precision = 17 ; open_basedir, if set, limits all file operations to the defined directory ; and below. This directive makes most sense if used in a per-directory ; or per-virtualhost web server configuration file. This directive is ; *NOT* affected by whether Safe Mode is turned On or Off. ; http://php.net/open-basedir ;open_basedir = ; This directive allows you to disable certain functions for security reasons. ; It receives a comma-delimited list of function names. This directive is ; *NOT* affected by whether Safe Mode is turned On or Off. ; http://php.net/disable-functions disable_functions = ; This directive allows you to disable certain classes for security reasons. ; It receives a comma-delimited list of class names. This directive is ; *NOT* affected by whether Safe Mode is turned On or Off. ; http://php.net/disable-classes disable_classes = ; Colors for Syntax Highlighting mode. Anything that's acceptable in ; <span style="color: ???????"> would work. ; http://php.net/syntax-highlighting ;highlight.string = #DD0000 ;highlight.comment = #FF9900 ;highlight.keyword = #007700 ;highlight.default = #0000BB ;highlight.html = #000000 ; If enabled, the request will be allowed to complete even if the user aborts ; the request. Consider enabling it if executing long requests, which may end up ; being interrupted by the user or a browser timing out. PHP's default behavior ; is to disable this feature. ; http://php.net/ignore-user-abort ;ignore_user_abort = On ; Determines the size of the realpath cache to be used by PHP. This value should ; be increased on systems where PHP opens many files to reflect the quantity of ; the file operations performed. ; http://php.net/realpath-cache-size ;realpath_cache_size = 16k ; Duration of time, in seconds for which to cache realpath information for a given ; file or directory. For systems with rarely changing files, consider increasing this ; value. ; http://php.net/realpath-cache-ttl ;realpath_cache_ttl = 120 ; Enables or disables the circular reference collector. ; http://php.net/zend.enable-gc zend.enable_gc = On ; If enabled, scripts may be written in encodings that are incompatible with ; the scanner. CP936, Big5, CP949 and Shift_JIS are the examples of such ; encodings. To use this feature, mbstring extension must be enabled. ; Default: Off ;zend.multibyte = Off ; Allows to set the default encoding for the scripts. This value will be used ; unless "declare(encoding=...)" directive appears at the top of the script. ; Only affects if zend.multibyte is set. ; Default: "" ;zend.script_encoding = ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Miscellaneous ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Decides whether PHP may expose the fact that it is installed on the server ; (e.g. by adding its signature to the Web server header). It is no security ; threat in any way, but it makes it possible to determine whether you use PHP ; on your server or not. ; http://php.net/expose-php expose_php = On ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Resource Limits ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds ; http://php.net/max-execution-time ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to 0 for the CLI SAPI max_execution_time = 30 ; Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data. It's a good ; idea to limit this time on productions servers in order to eliminate unexpectedly ; long running scripts. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to -1 for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: -1 (Unlimited) ; Development Value: 60 (60 seconds) ; Production Value: 60 (60 seconds) ; http://php.net/max-input-time max_input_time = 60 ; Maximum input variable nesting level ; http://php.net/max-input-nesting-level ;max_input_nesting_level = 64 ; How many GET/POST/COOKIE input variables may be accepted ; max_input_vars = 1000 ; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (128MB) ; http://php.net/memory-limit memory_limit = 128M ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Error handling and logging ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; This directive informs PHP of which errors, warnings and notices you would like ; it to take action for. The recommended way of setting values for this ; directive is through the use of the error level constants and bitwise ; operators. The error level constants are below here for convenience as well as ; some common settings and their meanings. ; By default, PHP is set to take action on all errors, notices and warnings EXCEPT ; those related to E_NOTICE and E_STRICT, which together cover best practices and ; recommended coding standards in PHP. For performance reasons, this is the ; recommend error reporting setting. Your production server shouldn't be wasting ; resources complaining about best practices and coding standards. That's what ; development servers and development settings are for. ; Note: The php.ini-development file has this setting as E_ALL. This ; means it pretty much reports everything which is exactly what you want during ; development and early testing. ; ; Error Level Constants: ; E_ALL - All errors and warnings (includes E_STRICT as of PHP 5.4.0) ; E_ERROR - fatal run-time errors ; E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR - almost fatal run-time errors ; E_WARNING - run-time warnings (non-fatal errors) ; E_PARSE - compile-time parse errors ; E_NOTICE - run-time notices (these are warnings which often result ; from a bug in your code, but it's possible that it was ; intentional (e.g., using an uninitialized variable and ; relying on the fact it's automatically initialized to an ; empty string) ; E_STRICT - run-time notices, enable to have PHP suggest changes ; to your code which will ensure the best interoperability ; and forward compatibility of your code ; E_CORE_ERROR - fatal errors that occur during PHP's initial startup ; E_CORE_WARNING - warnings (non-fatal errors) that occur during PHP's ; initial startup ; E_COMPILE_ERROR - fatal compile-time errors ; E_COMPILE_WARNING - compile-time warnings (non-fatal errors) ; E_USER_ERROR - user-generated error message ; E_USER_WARNING - user-generated warning message ; E_USER_NOTICE - user-generated notice message ; E_DEPRECATED - warn about code that will not work in future versions ; of PHP ; E_USER_DEPRECATED - user-generated deprecation warnings ; ; Common Values: ; E_ALL (Show all errors, warnings and notices including coding standards.) ; E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE (Show all errors, except for notices) ; E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT (Show all errors, except for notices and coding standards warnings.) ; E_COMPILE_ERROR|E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR|E_ERROR|E_CORE_ERROR (Show only errors) ; Default Value: E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT & ~E_DEPRECATED ; Development Value: E_ALL ; Production Value: E_ALL & ~E_DEPRECATED & ~E_STRICT ; http://php.net/error-reporting error_reporting = E_ALL ; This directive controls whether or not and where PHP will output errors, ; notices and warnings too. Error output is very useful during development, but ; it could be very dangerous in production environments. Depending on the code ; which is triggering the error, sensitive information could potentially leak ; out of your application such as database usernames and passwords or worse. ; It's recommended that errors be logged on production servers rather than ; having the errors sent to STDOUT. ; Possible Values: ; Off = Do not display any errors ; stderr = Display errors to STDERR (affects only CGI/CLI binaries!) ; On or stdout = Display errors to STDOUT ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/display-errors display_errors = On ; The display of errors which occur during PHP's startup sequence are handled ; separately from display_errors. PHP's default behavior is to suppress those ; errors from clients. Turning the display of startup errors on can be useful in ; debugging configuration problems. But, it's strongly recommended that you ; leave this setting off on production servers. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/display-startup-errors display_startup_errors = On ; Besides displaying errors, PHP can also log errors to locations such as a ; server-specific log, STDERR, or a location specified by the error_log ; directive found below. While errors should not be displayed on productions ; servers they should still be monitored and logging is a great way to do that. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/log-errors log_errors = On ; Set maximum length of log_errors. In error_log information about the source is ; added. The default is 1024 and 0 allows to not apply any maximum length at all. ; http://php.net/log-errors-max-len log_errors_max_len = 1024 ; Do not log repeated messages. Repeated errors must occur in same file on same ; line unless ignore_repeated_source is set true. ; http://php.net/ignore-repeated-errors ignore_repeated_errors = Off ; Ignore source of message when ignoring repeated messages. When this setting ; is On you will not log errors with repeated messages from different files or ; source lines. ; http://php.net/ignore-repeated-source ignore_repeated_source = Off ; If this parameter is set to Off, then memory leaks will not be shown (on ; stdout or in the log). This has only effect in a debug compile, and if ; error reporting includes E_WARNING in the allowed list ; http://php.net/report-memleaks report_memleaks = On ; This setting is on by default. ;report_zend_debug = 0 ; Store the last error/warning message in $php_errormsg (boolean). Setting this value ; to On can assist in debugging and is appropriate for development servers. It should ; however be disabled on production servers. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/track-errors track_errors = On ; Turn off normal error reporting and emit XML-RPC error XML ; http://php.net/xmlrpc-errors ;xmlrpc_errors = 0 ; An XML-RPC faultCode ;xmlrpc_error_number = 0 ; When PHP displays or logs an error, it has the capability of formatting the ; error message as HTML for easier reading. This directive controls whether ; the error message is formatted as HTML or not. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to Off for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production value: On ; http://php.net/html-errors html_errors = On ; If html_errors is set to On *and* docref_root is not empty, then PHP ; produces clickable error messages that direct to a page describing the error ; or function causing the error in detail. ; You can download a copy of the PHP manual from http://php.net/docs ; and change docref_root to the base URL of your local copy including the ; leading '/'. You must also specify the file extension being used including ; the dot. PHP's default behavior is to leave these settings empty, in which ; case no links to documentation are generated. ; Note: Never use this feature for production boxes. ; http://php.net/docref-root ; Examples ;docref_root = "/phpmanual/" ; http://php.net/docref-ext ;docref_ext = .html ; String to output before an error message. PHP's default behavior is to leave ; this setting blank. ; http://php.net/error-prepend-string ; Example: ;error_prepend_string = "<span style='color: #ff0000'>" ; String to output after an error message. PHP's default behavior is to leave ; this setting blank. ; http://php.net/error-append-string ; Example: ;error_append_string = "</span>" ; Log errors to specified file. PHP's default behavior is to leave this value ; empty. ; http://php.net/error-log ; Example: ;error_log = php_errors.log ; Log errors to syslog (Event Log on Windows). ;error_log = syslog ;windows.show_crt_warning ; Default value: 0 ; Development value: 0 ; Production value: 0 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Data Handling ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; The separator used in PHP generated URLs to separate arguments. ; PHP's default setting is "&". ; http://php.net/arg-separator.output ; Example: ;arg_separator.output = "&" ; List of separator(s) used by PHP to parse input URLs into variables. ; PHP's default setting is "&". ; NOTE: Every character in this directive is considered as separator! ; http://php.net/arg-separator.input ; Example: ;arg_separator.input = ";&" ; This directive determines which super global arrays are registered when PHP ; starts up. G,P,C,E & S are abbreviations for the following respective super ; globals: GET, POST, COOKIE, ENV and SERVER. There is a performance penalty ; paid for the registration of these arrays and because ENV is not as commonly ; used as the others, ENV is not recommended on productions servers. You ; can still get access to the environment variables through getenv() should you ; need to. ; Default Value: "EGPCS" ; Development Value: "GPCS" ; Production Value: "GPCS"; ; http://php.net/variables-order variables_order = "GPCS" ; This directive determines which super global data (G,P,C,E & S) should ; be registered into the super global array REQUEST. If so, it also determines ; the order in which that data is registered. The values for this directive are ; specified in the same manner as the variables_order directive, EXCEPT one. ; Leaving this value empty will cause PHP to use the value set in the ; variables_order directive. It does not mean it will leave the super globals ; array REQUEST empty. ; Default Value: None ; Development Value: "GP" ; Production Value: "GP" ; http://php.net/request-order request_order = "GP" ; This directive determines whether PHP registers $argv & $argc each time it ; runs. $argv contains an array of all the arguments passed to PHP when a script ; is invoked. $argc contains an integer representing the number of arguments ; that were passed when the script was invoked. These arrays are extremely ; useful when running scripts from the command line. When this directive is ; enabled, registering these variables consumes CPU cycles and memory each time ; a script is executed. For performance reasons, this feature should be disabled ; on production servers. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to On for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: Off ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/register-argc-argv register_argc_argv = Off ; When enabled, the ENV, REQUEST and SERVER variables are created when they're ; first used (Just In Time) instead of when the script starts. If these ; variables are not used within a script, having this directive on will result ; in a performance gain. The PHP directive register_argc_argv must be disabled ; for this directive to have any affect. ; http://php.net/auto-globals-jit auto_globals_jit = On ; Whether PHP will read the POST data. ; This option is enabled by default. ; Most likely, you won't want to disable this option globally. It causes $_POST ; and $_FILES to always be empty; the only way you will be able to read the ; POST data will be through the php://input stream wrapper. This can be useful ; to proxy requests or to process the POST data in a memory efficient fashion. ; http://php.net/enable-post-data-reading ;enable_post_data_reading = Off ; Maximum size of POST data that PHP will accept. ; Its value may be 0 to disable the limit. It is ignored if POST data reading ; is disabled through enable_post_data_reading. ; http://php.net/post-max-size post_max_size = 8M ; Automatically add files before PHP document. ; http://php.net/auto-prepend-file auto_prepend_file = ; Automatically add files after PHP document. ; http://php.net/auto-append-file auto_append_file = ; By default, PHP will output a character encoding using ; the Content-type: header. To disable sending of the charset, simply ; set it to be empty. ; ; PHP's built-in default is text/html ; http://php.net/default-mimetype default_mimetype = "text/html" ; PHP's default character set is set to empty. ; http://php.net/default-charset ;default_charset = "UTF-8" ; Always populate the $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA variable. PHP's default behavior is ; to disable this feature. If post reading is disabled through ; enable_post_data_reading, $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA is *NOT* populated. ; http://php.net/always-populate-raw-post-data ;always_populate_raw_post_data = On ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Paths and Directories ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; UNIX: "/path1:/path2" ;include_path = ".:/php/includes" ; ; Windows: "\path1;\path2" ;include_path = ".;c:\php\includes" ; ; PHP's default setting for include_path is ".;/path/to/php/pear" ; http://php.net/include-path ; The root of the PHP pages, used only if nonempty. ; if PHP was not compiled with FORCE_REDIRECT, you SHOULD set doc_root ; if you are running php as a CGI under any web server (other than IIS) ; see documentation for security issues. The alternate is to use the ; cgi.force_redirect configuration below ; http://php.net/doc-root doc_root = ; The directory under which PHP opens the script using /~username used only ; if nonempty. ; http://php.net/user-dir user_dir = ; Directory in which the loadable extensions (modules) reside. ; http://php.net/extension-dir ; extension_dir = "./" ; On windows: ; extension_dir = "ext" ; Whether or not to enable the dl() function. The dl() function does NOT work ; properly in multithreaded servers, such as IIS or Zeus, and is automatically ; disabled on them. ; http://php.net/enable-dl enable_dl = Off ; cgi.force_redirect is necessary to provide security running PHP as a CGI under ; most web servers. Left undefined, PHP turns this on by default. You can ; turn it off here AT YOUR OWN RISK ; **You CAN safely turn this off for IIS, in fact, you MUST.** ; http://php.net/cgi.force-redirect ;cgi.force_redirect = 1 ; if cgi.nph is enabled it will force cgi to always sent Status: 200 with ; every request. PHP's default behavior is to disable this feature. ;cgi.nph = 1 ; if cgi.force_redirect is turned on, and you are not running under Apache or Netscape ; (iPlanet) web servers, you MAY need to set an environment variable name that PHP ; will look for to know it is OK to continue execution. Setting this variable MAY ; cause security issues, KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING FIRST. ; http://php.net/cgi.redirect-status-env ;cgi.redirect_status_env = ; cgi.fix_pathinfo provides *real* PATH_INFO/PATH_TRANSLATED support for CGI. PHP's ; previous behaviour was to set PATH_TRANSLATED to SCRIPT_FILENAME, and to not grok ; what PATH_INFO is. For more information on PATH_INFO, see the cgi specs. Setting ; this to 1 will cause PHP CGI to fix its paths to conform to the spec. A setting ; of zero causes PHP to behave as before. Default is 1. You should fix your scripts ; to use SCRIPT_FILENAME rather than PATH_TRANSLATED. ; http://php.net/cgi.fix-pathinfo ;cgi.fix_pathinfo=1 ; FastCGI under IIS (on WINNT based OS) supports the ability to impersonate ; security tokens of the calling client. This allows IIS to define the ; security context that the request runs under. mod_fastcgi under Apache ; does not currently support this feature (03/17/2002) ; Set to 1 if running under IIS. Default is zero. ; http://php.net/fastcgi.impersonate ;fastcgi.impersonate = 1 ; Disable logging through FastCGI connection. PHP's default behavior is to enable ; this feature. ;fastcgi.logging = 0 ; cgi.rfc2616_headers configuration option tells PHP what type of headers to ; use when sending HTTP response code. If it's set 0 PHP sends Status: header that ; is supported by Apache. When this option is set to 1 PHP will send ; RFC2616 compliant header. ; Default is zero. ; http://php.net/cgi.rfc2616-headers ;cgi.rfc2616_headers = 0 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; File Uploads ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Whether to allow HTTP file uploads. ; http://php.net/file-uploads file_uploads = On ; Temporary directory for HTTP uploaded files (will use system default if not ; specified). ; http://php.net/upload-tmp-dir ;upload_tmp_dir = ; Maximum allowed size for uploaded files. ; http://php.net/upload-max-filesize upload_max_filesize = 2M ; Maximum number of files that can be uploaded via a single request max_file_uploads = 20 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Fopen wrappers ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Whether to allow the treatment of URLs (like http:// or ftp://) as files. ; http://php.net/allow-url-fopen allow_url_fopen = On ; Whether to allow include/require to open URLs (like http:// or ftp://) as files. ; http://php.net/allow-url-include allow_url_include = Off ; Define the anonymous ftp password (your email address). PHP's default setting ; for this is empty. ; http://php.net/from ;from="[email protected]" ; Define the User-Agent string. PHP's default setting for this is empty. ; http://php.net/user-agent ;user_agent="PHP" ; Default timeout for socket based streams (seconds) ; http://php.net/default-socket-timeout default_socket_timeout = 60 ; If your scripts have to deal with files from Macintosh systems, ; or you are running on a Mac and need to deal with files from ; unix or win32 systems, setting this flag will cause PHP to ; automatically detect the EOL character in those files so that ; fgets() and file() will work regardless of the source of the file. ; http://php.net/auto-detect-line-endings ;auto_detect_line_endings = Off ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Dynamic Extensions ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; If you wish to have an extension loaded automatically, use the following ; syntax: ; ; extension=modulename.extension ; ; For example, on Windows: ; ; extension=msql.dll ; ; ... or under UNIX: ; ; extension=msql.so ; ; ... or with a path: ; ; extension=/path/to/extension/msql.so ; ; If you only provide the name of the extension, PHP will look for it in its ; default extension directory. ; ; Windows Extensions ; Note that ODBC support is built in, so no dll is needed for it. ; Note that many DLL files are located in the extensions/ (PHP 4) ext/ (PHP 5) ; extension folders as well as the separate PECL DLL download (PHP 5). ; Be sure to appropriately set the extension_dir directive. ; ;extension=php_bz2.dll ;extension=php_curl.dll ;extension=php_fileinfo.dll ;extension=php_gd2.dll ;extension=php_gettext.dll ;extension=php_gmp.dll ;extension=php_intl.dll ;extension=php_imap.dll ;extension=php_interbase.dll ;extension=php_ldap.dll ;extension=php_mbstring.dll ;extension=php_exif.dll ; Must be after mbstring as it depends on it ;extension=php_mysql.dll ;extension=php_mysqli.dll ;extension=php_oci8.dll ; Use with Oracle 10gR2 Instant Client ;extension=php_oci8_11g.dll ; Use with Oracle 11gR2 Instant Client ;extension=php_openssl.dll ;extension=php_pdo_firebird.dll ;extension=php_pdo_mysql.dll ;extension=php_pdo_oci.dll ;extension=php_pdo_odbc.dll ;extension=php_pdo_pgsql.dll ;extension=php_pdo_sqlite.dll ;extension=php_pgsql.dll ;extension=php_pspell.dll ;extension=php_shmop.dll ; The MIBS data available in the PHP distribution must be installed. ; See http://www.php.net/manual/en/snmp.installation.php ;extension=php_snmp.dll ;extension=php_soap.dll ;extension=php_sockets.dll ;extension=php_sqlite3.dll ;extension=php_sybase_ct.dll ;extension=php_tidy.dll ;extension=php_xmlrpc.dll ;extension=php_xsl.dll ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Module Settings ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; [CLI Server] ; Whether the CLI web server uses ANSI color coding in its terminal output. cli_server.color = On [Date] ; Defines the default timezone used by the date functions ; http://php.net/date.timezone ;date.timezone = ; http://php.net/date.default-latitude ;date.default_latitude = 31.7667 ; http://php.net/date.default-longitude ;date.default_longitude = 35.2333 ; http://php.net/date.sunrise-zenith ;date.sunrise_zenith = 90.583333 ; http://php.net/date.sunset-zenith ;date.sunset_zenith = 90.583333 [filter] ; http://php.net/filter.default ;filter.default = unsafe_raw ; http://php.net/filter.default-flags ;filter.default_flags = [iconv] ;iconv.input_encoding = ISO-8859-1 ;iconv.internal_encoding = ISO-8859-1 ;iconv.output_encoding = ISO-8859-1 [intl] ;intl.default_locale = ; This directive allows you to produce PHP errors when some error ; happens within intl functions. The value is the level of the error produced. ; Default is 0, which does not produce any errors. ;intl.error_level = E_WARNING [sqlite] ; http://php.net/sqlite.assoc-case ;sqlite.assoc_case = 0 [sqlite3] ;sqlite3.extension_dir = [Pcre] ;PCRE library backtracking limit. ; http://php.net/pcre.backtrack-limit ;pcre.backtrack_limit=100000 ;PCRE library recursion limit. ;Please note that if you set this value to a high number you may consume all ;the available process stack and eventually crash PHP (due to reaching the ;stack size limit imposed by the Operating System). ; http://php.net/pcre.recursion-limit ;pcre.recursion_limit=100000 [Pdo] ; Whether to pool ODBC connections. Can be one of "strict", "relaxed" or "off" ; http://php.net/pdo-odbc.connection-pooling ;pdo_odbc.connection_pooling=strict ;pdo_odbc.db2_instance_name [Pdo_mysql] ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/pdo_mysql.cache_size pdo_mysql.cache_size = 2000 ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/pdo_mysql.default-socket pdo_mysql.default_socket= [Phar] ; http://php.net/phar.readonly ;phar.readonly = On ; http://php.net/phar.require-hash ;phar.require_hash = On ;phar.cache_list = [mail function] ; For Win32 only. ; http://php.net/smtp SMTP = localhost ; http://php.net/smtp-port smtp_port = 25 ; For Win32 only. ; http://php.net/sendmail-from ;sendmail_from = [email protected] ; For Unix only. You may supply arguments as well (default: "sendmail -t -i"). ; http://php.net/sendmail-path ;sendmail_path = ; Force the addition of the specified parameters to be passed as extra parameters ; to the sendmail binary. These parameters will always replace the value of ; the 5th parameter to mail(), even in safe mode. ;mail.force_extra_parameters = ; Add X-PHP-Originating-Script: that will include uid of the script followed by the filename mail.add_x_header = On ; The path to a log file that will log all mail() calls. Log entries include ; the full path of the script, line number, To address and headers. ;mail.log = ; Log mail to syslog (Event Log on Windows). ;mail.log = syslog [SQL] ; http://php.net/sql.safe-mode sql.safe_mode = Off [ODBC] ; http://php.net/odbc.default-db ;odbc.default_db = Not yet implemented ; http://php.net/odbc.default-user ;odbc.default_user = Not yet implemented ; http://php.net/odbc.default-pw ;odbc.default_pw = Not yet implemented ; Controls the ODBC cursor model. ; Default: SQL_CURSOR_STATIC (default). ;odbc.default_cursortype ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/odbc.allow-persistent odbc.allow_persistent = On ; Check that a connection is still valid before reuse. ; http://php.net/odbc.check-persistent odbc.check_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/odbc.max-persistent odbc.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/odbc.max-links odbc.max_links = -1 ; Handling of LONG fields. Returns number of bytes to variables. 0 means ; passthru. ; http://php.net/odbc.defaultlrl odbc.defaultlrl = 4096 ; Handling of binary data. 0 means passthru, 1 return as is, 2 convert to char. ; See the documentation on odbc_binmode and odbc_longreadlen for an explanation ; of odbc.defaultlrl and odbc.defaultbinmode ; http://php.net/odbc.defaultbinmode odbc.defaultbinmode = 1 ;birdstep.max_links = -1 [Interbase] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ibase.allow_persistent = 1 ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ibase.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ibase.max_links = -1 ; Default database name for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_db = ; Default username for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_user = ; Default password for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_password = ; Default charset for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_charset = ; Default timestamp format. ibase.timestampformat = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S" ; Default date format. ibase.dateformat = "%Y-%m-%d" ; Default time format. ibase.timeformat = "%H:%M:%S" [MySQL] ; Allow accessing, from PHP's perspective, local files with LOAD DATA statements ; http://php.net/mysql.allow_local_infile mysql.allow_local_infile = On ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/mysql.allow-persistent mysql.allow_persistent = On ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/mysql.cache_size mysql.cache_size = 2000 ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysql.max-persistent mysql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysql.max-links mysql.max_links = -1 ; Default port number for mysql_connect(). If unset, mysql_connect() will use ; the $MYSQL_TCP_PORT or the mysql-tcp entry in /etc/services or the ; compile-time value defined MYSQL_PORT (in that order). Win32 will only look ; at MYSQL_PORT. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-port mysql.default_port = ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-socket mysql.default_socket = ; Default host for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysql.default-host mysql.default_host = ; Default user for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysql.default-user mysql.default_user = ; Default password for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; Note that this is generally a *bad* idea to store passwords in this file. ; *Any* user with PHP access can run 'echo get_cfg_var("mysql.default_password") ; and reveal this password! And of course, any users with read access to this ; file will be able to reveal the password as well. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-password mysql.default_password = ; Maximum time (in seconds) for connect timeout. -1 means no limit ; http://php.net/mysql.connect-timeout mysql.connect_timeout = 60 ; Trace mode. When trace_mode is active (=On), warnings for table/index scans and ; SQL-Errors will be displayed. ; http://php.net/mysql.trace-mode mysql.trace_mode = Off [MySQLi] ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysqli.max-persistent mysqli.max_persistent = -1 ; Allow accessing, from PHP's perspective, local files with LOAD DATA statements ; http://php.net/mysqli.allow_local_infile ;mysqli.allow_local_infile = On ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/mysqli.allow-persistent mysqli.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysqli.max-links mysqli.max_links = -1 ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/mysqli.cache_size mysqli.cache_size = 2000 ; Default port number for mysqli_connect(). If unset, mysqli_connect() will use ; the $MYSQL_TCP_PORT or the mysql-tcp entry in /etc/services or the ; compile-time value defined MYSQL_PORT (in that order). Win32 will only look ; at MYSQL_PORT. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-port mysqli.default_port = 3306 ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-socket mysqli.default_socket = ; Default host for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-host mysqli.default_host = ; Default user for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-user mysqli.default_user = ; Default password for mysqli_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; Note that this is generally a *bad* idea to store passwords in this file. ; *Any* user with PHP access can run 'echo get_cfg_var("mysqli.default_pw") ; and reveal this password! And of course, any users with read access to this ; file will be able to reveal the password as well. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-pw mysqli.default_pw = ; Allow or prevent reconnect mysqli.reconnect = Off [mysqlnd] ; Enable / Disable collection of general statistics by mysqlnd which can be ; used to tune and monitor MySQL operations. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.collect_statistics mysqlnd.collect_statistics = On ; Enable / Disable collection of memory usage statistics by mysqlnd which can be ; used to tune and monitor MySQL operations. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.collect_memory_statistics mysqlnd.collect_memory_statistics = On ; Size of a pre-allocated buffer used when sending commands to MySQL in bytes. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.net_cmd_buffer_size ;mysqlnd.net_cmd_buffer_size = 2048 ; Size of a pre-allocated buffer used for reading data sent by the server in ; bytes. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.net_read_buffer_size ;mysqlnd.net_read_buffer_size = 32768 [OCI8] ; Connection: Enables privileged connections using external ; credentials (OCI_SYSOPER, OCI_SYSDBA) ; http://php.net/oci8.privileged-connect ;oci8.privileged_connect = Off ; Connection: The maximum number of persistent OCI8 connections per ; process. Using -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/oci8.max-persistent ;oci8.max_persistent = -1 ; Connection: The maximum number of seconds a process is allowed to ; maintain an idle persistent connection. Using -1 means idle ; persistent connections will be maintained forever. ; http://php.net/oci8.persistent-timeout ;oci8.persistent_timeout = -1 ; Connection: The number of seconds that must pass before issuing a ; ping during oci_pconnect() to check the connection validity. When ; set to 0, each oci_pconnect() will cause a ping. Using -1 disables ; pings completely. ; http://php.net/oci8.ping-interval ;oci8.ping_interval = 60 ; Connection: Set this to a user chosen connection class to be used ; for all pooled server requests with Oracle 11g Database Resident ; Connection Pooling (DRCP). To use DRCP, this value should be set to ; the same string for all web servers running the same application, ; the database pool must be configured, and the connection string must ; specify to use a pooled server. ;oci8.connection_class = ; High Availability: Using On lets PHP receive Fast Application ; Notification (FAN) events generated when a database node fails. The ; database must also be configured to post FAN events. ;oci8.events = Off ; Tuning: This option enables statement caching, and specifies how ; many statements to cache. Using 0 disables statement caching. ; http://php.net/oci8.statement-cache-size ;oci8.statement_cache_size = 20 ; Tuning: Enables statement prefetching and sets the default number of ; rows that will be fetched automatically after statement execution. ; http://php.net/oci8.default-prefetch ;oci8.default_prefetch = 100 ; Compatibility. Using On means oci_close() will not close ; oci_connect() and oci_new_connect() connections. ; http://php.net/oci8.old-oci-close-semantics ;oci8.old_oci_close_semantics = Off [PostgreSQL] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/pgsql.allow-persistent pgsql.allow_persistent = On ; Detect broken persistent links always with pg_pconnect(). ; Auto reset feature requires a little overheads. ; http://php.net/pgsql.auto-reset-persistent pgsql.auto_reset_persistent = Off ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/pgsql.max-persistent pgsql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent+non persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/pgsql.max-links pgsql.max_links = -1 ; Ignore PostgreSQL backends Notice message or not. ; Notice message logging require a little overheads. ; http://php.net/pgsql.ignore-notice pgsql.ignore_notice = 0 ; Log PostgreSQL backends Notice message or not. ; Unless pgsql.ignore_notice=0, module cannot log notice message. ; http://php.net/pgsql.log-notice pgsql.log_notice = 0 [Sybase-CT] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/sybct.allow-persistent sybct.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/sybct.max-persistent sybct.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/sybct.max-links sybct.max_links = -1 ; Minimum server message severity to display. ; http://php.net/sybct.min-server-severity sybct.min_server_severity = 10 ; Minimum client message severity to display. ; http://php.net/sybct.min-client-severity sybct.min_client_severity = 10 ; Set per-context timeout ; http://php.net/sybct.timeout ;sybct.timeout= ;sybct.packet_size ; The maximum time in seconds to wait for a connection attempt to succeed before returning failure. ; Default: one minute ;sybct.login_timeout= ; The name of the host you claim to be connecting from, for display by sp_who. ; Default: none ;sybct.hostname= ; Allows you to define how often deadlocks are to be retried. -1 means "forever". ; Default: 0 ;sybct.deadlock_retry_count= [bcmath] ; Number of decimal digits for all bcmath functions. ; http://php.net/bcmath.scale bcmath.scale = 0 [browscap] ; http://php.net/browscap ;browscap = extra/browscap.ini [Session] ; Handler used to store/retrieve data. ; http://php.net/session.save-handler session.save_handler = files ; Argument passed to save_handler. In the case of files, this is the path ; where data files are stored. Note: Windows users have to change this ; variable in order to use PHP's session functions. ; ; The path can be defined as: ; ; session.save_path = "N;/path" ; ; where N is an integer. Instead of storing all the session files in ; /path, what this will do is use subdirectories N-levels deep, and ; store the session data in those directories. This is useful if you ; or your OS have problems with lots of files in one directory, and is ; a more efficient layout for servers that handle lots of sessions. ; ; NOTE 1: PHP will not create this directory structure automatically. ; You can use the script in the ext/session dir for that purpose. ; NOTE 2: See the section on garbage collection below if you choose to ; use subdirectories for session storage ; ; The file storage module creates files using mode 600 by default. ; You can change that by using ; ; session.save_path = "N;MODE;/path" ; ; where MODE is the octal representation of the mode. Note that this ; does not overwrite the process's umask. ; http://php.net/session.save-path ;session.save_path = "/tmp" ; Whether to use cookies. ; http://php.net/session.use-cookies session.use_cookies = 1 ; http://php.net/session.cookie-secure ;session.cookie_secure = ; This option forces PHP to fetch and use a cookie for storing and maintaining ; the session id. We encourage this operation as it's very helpful in combating ; session hijacking when not specifying and managing your own session id. It is ; not the end all be all of session hijacking defense, but it's a good start. ; http://php.net/session.use-only-cookies session.use_only_cookies = 1 ; Name of the session (used as cookie name). ; http://php.net/session.name session.name = PHPSESSID ; Initialize session on request startup. ; http://php.net/session.auto-start session.auto_start = 0 ; Lifetime in seconds of cookie or, if 0, until browser is restarted. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-lifetime session.cookie_lifetime = 0 ; The path for which the cookie is valid. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-path session.cookie_path = / ; The domain for which the cookie is valid. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-domain session.cookie_domain = ; Whether or not to add the httpOnly flag to the cookie, which makes it inaccessible to browser scripting languages such as JavaScript. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-httponly session.cookie_httponly = ; Handler used to serialize data. php is the standard serializer of PHP. ; http://php.net/session.serialize-handler session.serialize_handler = php ; Defines the probability that the 'garbage collection' process is started ; on every session initialization. The probability is calculated by using ; gc_probability/gc_divisor. Where session.gc_probability is the numerator ; and gc_divisor is the denominator in the equation. Setting this value to 1 ; when the session.gc_divisor value is 100 will give you approximately a 1% chance ; the gc will run on any give request. ; Default Value: 1 ; Development Value: 1 ; Production Value: 1 ; http://php.net/session.gc-probability session.gc_probability = 1 ; Defines the probability that the 'garbage collection' process is started on every ; session initialization. The probability is calculated by using the following equation: ; gc_probability/gc_divisor. Where session.gc_probability is the numerator and ; session.gc_divisor is the denominator in the equation. Setting this value to 1 ; when the session.gc_divisor value is 100 will give you approximately a 1% chance ; the gc will run on any give request. Increasing this value to 1000 will give you ; a 0.1% chance the gc will run on any give request. For high volume production servers, ; this is a more efficient approach. ; Default Value: 100 ; Development Value: 1000 ; Production Value: 1000 ; http://php.net/session.gc-divisor session.gc_divisor = 1000 ; After this number of seconds, stored data will be seen as 'garbage' and ; cleaned up by the garbage collection process. ; http://php.net/session.gc-maxlifetime session.gc_maxlifetime = 1440 ; NOTE: If you are using the subdirectory option for storing session files ; (see session.save_path above), then garbage collection does *not* ; happen automatically. You will need to do your own garbage ; collection through a shell script, cron entry, or some other method. ; For example, the following script would is the equivalent of ; setting session.gc_maxlifetime to 1440 (1440 seconds = 24 minutes): ; find /path/to/sessions -cmin +24 -type f | xargs rm ; Check HTTP Referer to invalidate externally stored URLs containing ids. ; HTTP_REFERER has to contain this substring for the session to be ; considered as valid. ; http://php.net/session.referer-check session.referer_check = ; How many bytes to read from the file. ; http://php.net/session.entropy-length ;session.entropy_length = 32 ; Specified here to create the session id. ; http://php.net/session.entropy-file ; Defaults to /dev/urandom ; On systems that don't have /dev/urandom but do have /dev/arandom, this will default to /dev/arandom ; If neither are found at compile time, the default is no entropy file. ; On windows, setting the entropy_length setting will activate the ; Windows random source (using the CryptoAPI) ;session.entropy_file = /dev/urandom ; Set to {nocache,private,public,} to determine HTTP caching aspects ; or leave this empty to avoid sending anti-caching headers. ; http://php.net/session.cache-limiter session.cache_limiter = nocache ; Document expires after n minutes. ; http://php.net/session.cache-expire session.cache_expire = 180 ; trans sid support is disabled by default. ; Use of trans sid may risk your users security. ; Use this option with caution. ; - User may send URL contains active session ID ; to other person via. email/irc/etc. ; - URL that contains active session ID may be stored ; in publicly accessible computer. ; - User may access your site with the same session ID ; always using URL stored in browser's history or bookmarks. ; http://php.net/session.use-trans-sid session.use_trans_sid = 0 ; Select a hash function for use in generating session ids. ; Possible Values ; 0 (MD5 128 bits) ; 1 (SHA-1 160 bits) ; This option may also be set to the name of any hash function supported by ; the hash extension. A list of available hashes is returned by the hash_algos() ; function. ; http://php.net/session.hash-function session.hash_function = 0 ; Define how many bits are stored in each character when converting ; the binary hash data to something readable. ; Possible values: ; 4 (4 bits: 0-9, a-f) ; 5 (5 bits: 0-9, a-v) ; 6 (6 bits: 0-9, a-z, A-Z, "-", ",") ; Default Value: 4 ; Development Value: 5 ; Production Value: 5 ; http://php.net/session.hash-bits-per-character session.hash_bits_per_character = 5 ; The URL rewriter will look for URLs in a defined set of HTML tags. ; form/fieldset are special; if you include them here, the rewriter will ; add a hidden <input> field with the info which is otherwise appended ; to URLs. If you want XHTML conformity, remove the form entry. ; Note that all valid entries require a "=", even if no value follows. ; Default Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,form=,fieldset=" ; Development Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; Production Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; http://php.net/url-rewriter.tags url_rewriter.tags = "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; Enable upload progress tracking in $_SESSION ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.enabled ;session.upload_progress.enabled = On ; Cleanup the progress information as soon as all POST data has been read ; (i.e. upload completed). ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.cleanup ;session.upload_progress.cleanup = On ; A prefix used for the upload progress key in $_SESSION ; Default Value: "upload_progress_" ; Development Value: "upload_progress_" ; Production Value: "upload_progress_" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.prefix ;session.upload_progress.prefix = "upload_progress_" ; The index name (concatenated with the prefix) in $_SESSION ; containing the upload progress information ; Default Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; Development Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; Production Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.name ;session.upload_progress.name = "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; How frequently the upload progress should be updated. ; Given either in percentages (per-file), or in bytes ; Default Value: "1%" ; Development Value: "1%" ; Production Value: "1%" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.freq ;session.upload_progress.freq = "1%" ; The minimum delay between updates, in seconds ; Default Value: 1 ; Development Value: 1 ; Production Value: 1 ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.min-freq ;session.upload_progress.min_freq = "1" [MSSQL] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. mssql.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. mssql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent+non persistent). -1 means no limit. mssql.max_links = -1 ; Minimum error severity to display. mssql.min_error_severity = 10 ; Minimum message severity to display. mssql.min_message_severity = 10 ; Compatibility mode with old versions of PHP 3.0. mssql.compatability_mode = Off ; Connect timeout ;mssql.connect_timeout = 5 ; Query timeout ;mssql.timeout = 60 ; Valid range 0 - 2147483647. Default = 4096. ;mssql.textlimit = 4096 ; Valid range 0 - 2147483647. Default = 4096. ;mssql.textsize = 4096 ; Limits the number of records in each batch. 0 = all records in one batch. ;mssql.batchsize = 0 ; Specify how datetime and datetim4 columns are returned ; On => Returns data converted to SQL server settings ; Off => Returns values as YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ;mssql.datetimeconvert = On ; Use NT authentication when connecting to the server mssql.secure_connection = Off ; Specify max number of processes. -1 = library default ; msdlib defaults to 25 ; FreeTDS defaults to 4096 ;mssql.max_procs = -1 ; Specify client character set. ; If empty or not set the client charset from freetds.conf is used ; This is only used when compiled with FreeTDS ;mssql.charset = "ISO-8859-1" [Assertion] ; Assert(expr); active by default. ; http://php.net/assert.active ;assert.active = On ; Issue a PHP warning for each failed assertion. ; http://php.net/assert.warning ;assert.warning = On ; Don't bail out by default. ; http://php.net/assert.bail ;assert.bail = Off ; User-function to be called if an assertion fails. ; http://php.net/assert.callback ;assert.callback = 0 ; Eval the expression with current error_reporting(). Set to true if you want ; error_reporting(0) around the eval(). ; http://php.net/assert.quiet-eval ;assert.quiet_eval = 0 [COM] ; path to a file containing GUIDs, IIDs or filenames of files with TypeLibs ; http://php.net/com.typelib-file ;com.typelib_file = ; allow Distributed-COM calls ; http://php.net/com.allow-dcom ;com.allow_dcom = true ; autoregister constants of a components typlib on com_load() ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-typelib ;com.autoregister_typelib = true ; register constants casesensitive ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-casesensitive ;com.autoregister_casesensitive = false ; show warnings on duplicate constant registrations ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-verbose ;com.autoregister_verbose = true ; The default character set code-page to use when passing strings to and from COM objects. ; Default: system ANSI code page ;com.code_page= [mbstring] ; language for internal character representation. ; http://php.net/mbstring.language ;mbstring.language = Japanese ; internal/script encoding. ; Some encoding cannot work as internal encoding. ; (e.g. SJIS, BIG5, ISO-2022-*) ; http://php.net/mbstring.internal-encoding ;mbstring.internal_encoding = EUC-JP ; http input encoding. ; http://php.net/mbstring.http-input ;mbstring.http_input = auto ; http output encoding. mb_output_handler must be ; registered as output buffer to function ; http://php.net/mbstring.http-output ;mbstring.http_output = SJIS ; enable automatic encoding translation according to ; mbstring.internal_encoding setting. Input chars are ; converted to internal encoding by setting this to On. ; Note: Do _not_ use automatic encoding translation for ; portable libs/applications. ; http://php.net/mbstring.encoding-translation ;mbstring.encoding_translation = Off ; automatic encoding detection order. ; auto means ; http://php.net/mbstring.detect-order ;mbstring.detect_order = auto ; substitute_character used when character cannot be converted ; one from another ; http://php.net/mbstring.substitute-character ;mbstring.substitute_character = none; ; overload(replace) single byte functions by mbstring functions. ; mail(), ereg(), etc are overloaded by mb_send_mail(), mb_ereg(), ; etc. Possible values are 0,1,2,4 or combination of them. ; For example, 7 for overload everything. ; 0: No overload ; 1: Overload mail() function ; 2: Overload str*() functions ; 4: Overload ereg*() functions ; http://php.net/mbstring.func-overload ;mbstring.func_overload = 0 ; enable strict encoding detection. ;mbstring.strict_detection = Off ; This directive specifies the regex pattern of content types for which mb_output_handler() ; is activated. ; Default: mbstring.http_output_conv_mimetype=^(text/|application/xhtml\+xml) ;mbstring.http_output_conv_mimetype= [gd] ; Tell the jpeg decode to ignore warnings and try to create ; a gd image. The warning will then be displayed as notices ; disabled by default ; http://php.net/gd.jpeg-ignore-warning ;gd.jpeg_ignore_warning = 0 [exif] ; Exif UNICODE user comments are handled as UCS-2BE/UCS-2LE and JIS as JIS. ; With mbstring support this will automatically be converted into the encoding ; given by corresponding encode setting. When empty mbstring.internal_encoding ; is used. For the decode settings you can distinguish between motorola and ; intel byte order. A decode setting cannot be empty. ; http://php.net/exif.encode-unicode ;exif.encode_unicode = ISO-8859-15 ; http://php.net/exif.decode-unicode-motorola ;exif.decode_unicode_motorola = UCS-2BE ; http://php.net/exif.decode-unicode-intel ;exif.decode_unicode_intel = UCS-2LE ; http://php.net/exif.encode-jis ;exif.encode_jis = ; http://php.net/exif.decode-jis-motorola ;exif.decode_jis_motorola = JIS ; http://php.net/exif.decode-jis-intel ;exif.decode_jis_intel = JIS [Tidy] ; The path to a default tidy configuration file to use when using tidy ; http://php.net/tidy.default-config ;tidy.default_config = /usr/local/lib/php/default.tcfg ; Should tidy clean and repair output automatically? ; WARNING: Do not use this option if you are generating non-html content ; such as dynamic images ; http://php.net/tidy.clean-output tidy.clean_output = Off [soap] ; Enables or disables WSDL caching feature. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-enabled soap.wsdl_cache_enabled=1 ; Sets the directory name where SOAP extension will put cache files. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-dir soap.wsdl_cache_dir="/tmp" ; (time to live) Sets the number of second while cached file will be used ; instead of original one. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-ttl soap.wsdl_cache_ttl=86400 ; Sets the size of the cache limit. (Max. number of WSDL files to cache) soap.wsdl_cache_limit = 5 [sysvshm] ; A default size of the shared memory segment ;sysvshm.init_mem = 10000 [ldap] ; Sets the maximum number of open links or -1 for unlimited. ldap.max_links = -1 [mcrypt] ; For more information about mcrypt settings see http://php.net/mcrypt-module-open ; Directory where to load mcrypt algorithms ; Default: Compiled in into libmcrypt (usually /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt) ;mcrypt.algorithms_dir= ; Directory where to load mcrypt modes ; Default: Compiled in into libmcrypt (usually /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt) ;mcrypt.modes_dir= [dba] ;dba.default_handler= [curl] ; A default value for the CURLOPT_CAINFO option. This is required to be an ; absolute path. ;curl.cainfo = ; Local Variables: ; tab-width: 4 ; End:
unidac64src 6.4.15
11-03
Bug with QueryRecCount when ORDER clause contains CASE..END is fixed Bug with processing parameters on setting of an SQL query is fixed Oracle data provider Bug with using DATEADD function in ...
一个用Go编写的SQL格式化程序
01-27
The sqlfmt formats PostgreSQL statements in .go files into a consistent style. Example Unformatted SQL in a .go file package main import ( "database/sql" ) func sendSQL() int { var id int var db *...
Rails, Angular, Postgres, and Bootstrap(Pragmatic,2016)
03-23
You’ll see how creating an advanced Postgres index for a case-insensitive search can speed up your back-end–allowing you to create a highly dynamic user experience using AngularJS. You’ll create ...
postgresql复制表结构和数据
cainiaobulan的博客
03-26 2万+
pgsql常用复制表和表数据sql语句
Postgresql查看某表是否被锁表以及解决方式
cainiaobulan的博客
01-07 1万+
--查询是否锁表了 selectoidfrompg_classwhererelname='lockTableName'; selectpidfrompg_lockswhererelation='上面查出的oid'; --如果查询到了结果，表示该表被锁则需要释放锁定 selectpg_cancel_backend(上面查到的pid); ...
docker安装mysql后Navicat链接不上的问题
cainiaobulan的博客
03-11 1万+
一、docker拉取镜像 docker pull mysql （默认拉取最新版本的） 二、运行mysql docker run -p 3308:3306 --name mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -d mysql 容器名：mysql 密码：123456 三、查看是否运行 docker ps -a 四、查看启动日志 docker lo...
postgresql中 case when用法
04-09
在PostgreSQL中，CASE WHEN语句被用于在查询时根据条件语句选择不同的行为。它的语法结构为：CASE WHEN condition THEN result ELSE alternate_result END。意思是，根据一个条件来执行特定的操作，如果条件不满足，就执行备选操作。例如，可以使用CASE WHEN语句在查询结果中添加一列，该列基于特定条件对数据进行分类。

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么？

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论 2
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

个

红包个数最小为10个

元

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43元 前往充值 >
需支付：10.00元
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付元
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明：

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币，按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载，可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值