The C programming language (second edition,K&R) exercise（CHAPTER 8）

     $Excercise8-1$：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdarg.h>


enum fileDescriptors {
    STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR };

void filecopy(int src, int dst);
void error(char *fmt, ...);

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
   
    int f;
	/* no args; copy standard input to output */
    if (argc == 1)  
	{
   
        filecopy(STDIN, STDOUT);		
	}
    else
	{
   
        while (--argc > 0)
		{
   
            if ((f = open(*++argv, O_RDONLY, 0)) == -1)
			{
   
                error("can't open %s", *--argv);				
			}
            else
            {
   
                filecopy(f, STDOUT);
				/* close the file since finished reading it */
                close(f);  
            }	
		}			
	}
    exit(0);
}

/* copy src to dst */ 
void filecopy(int src, int dst)
{
   
    int n;
    char buf[BUFSIZ];
    while ((n = read(src, buf, BUFSIZ)) > 0)
        if (write(dst, buf, n) != n)
            error("unable to copy src to dst");
}

/* print an error message and die */ 
void error(char *fmt, ...)
{
   
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    fprintf(stderr, "error: ");
    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, args);
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    va_end(args);
    exit(1);
}

     $Excercise8-2$：

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


#ifdef NULL
    #undef NULL
#endif

typedef struct _iobuf
{
   
    int cnt;     /* characters left                  */ 
    char *ptr;   /* next character position          */ 
    char *base;  /* location of buffer               */ 
    struct flags /* mode of file access field struct */ 
    {
   
        unsigned int _READ : 1;  /* file open for reading         */ 
        unsigned int _WRITE : 1; /* file open for writing         */ 
        unsigned int _UNBUF : 1; /* file is unbuffered            */ 
        unsigned int _EOF : 1;   /* EOF has occurred on this file */ 
        unsigned int _ERR : 1;   /* error occurred on this file   */ 
    } _flags;
    int fd;     /* file descriptor */ 
} FILE;

#define NULL 0
#define EOF (-1)
#define BUFSIZ 1024
/* max #files open at once */
#define OPEN_MAX 20  
#define stdin (&_iob[0])
#define stdout (&_iob[1])
#define stderr (&_iob[2])

extern FILE _iob[OPEN_MAX];
int _fillbuf(FILE *fp);
int _flushbuf(int, FILE *);

#define feof(p) ((p)->_flags._EOF != 0)
#define ferror(p) ((p)->_flags._ERR != 0)
#define fileno(p) ((p)->fd)
#define getc(p) (--(p)->cnt >= 0 ? (unsigned char) *(p)->ptr++ : _fillbuf(p))
#define putc(x, p) (--(p)->cnt >= 0 ? *(p)->ptr++ = (x) : _flushbuf((x), p))
#define getchar() getc(stdin)
#define putchar(x) putc((x), stdout)
#define PERMS 0666 /* RW for owner, group, others */ 

/* stdin, stdout, stderr */
FILE _iob[OPEN_MAX] = 
{
   
    {
    0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, {
    ._READ = 1 }, 0 },
    {
    0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, {
    ._WRITE = 1 }, 1 },
    {
    0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, {
    ._WRITE = 1, ._UNBUF = 1 }, 2 }
};
FILE *fopen(char *name, char *mode);

int main()
{
   
    int c;
	/* read until end and then exit for testing purposes */ 
    while ((c = getchar()) != EOF);
    exit(0);
}

/* open file, return file ptr */ 
FILE *fopen(char *name, char *mode)
{
   
    int fd;
    FILE *fp;

    if (*mode != 'r' && *mode != 'w' && *mode != 'a')
        return NULL;
    for (fp = _iob; fp < _iob + OPEN_MAX; fp++)
	{
   
        /* if both flags are zero */		
        if (fp->_flags._READ == 0 && fp->_flags._WRITE == 0)  
            break;		
	}
    /* no free slots */ 
    if (fp >= _iob + OPEN_MAX) 
        return NULL;
    
    if (*mode == 'w')
        fd = creat(name, PERMS);
    else if (*mode == 'a')
    {
   
        if ((fd = open(name, O_WRONLY, 0)) == -1)
            fd = creat(name, PERMS);
        lseek(fd, 0L, 2);
    }
    else
        fd = open(name, O_RDONLY, 0);
	/* couldn't access name */
    if (fd == -1)  
        return NULL;
    fp->fd = fd;
    fp->cnt = 0;
    fp->base = NULL;
    fp->_flags._READ = fp->_flags._WRITE = fp->_flags._UNBUF = fp->_flags._EOF = fp->_flags._ERR = 0;
    if (*mode == 'r')
        fp->_flags._READ = 1;
    else
        fp->_flags._WRITE = 1;
    return fp;
}

/* allocate and fill input buffer */ 
int _fillbuf(FILE *fp)
{
   
    int bufsize;
    if (fp->_flags._READ == 0 || fp->_flags._EOF == 1 || fp->_flags._ERR == 1)
        return EOF;
    bufsize = (fp->_flags._UNBUF == 1) ? 1 : BUFSIZ;
    if (fp->base == NULL) /* no buffer yet */ 
        if ((fp->base = (char *) malloc(bufsize)) == NULL)
            return EOF; /* can't get buffer */ 
    fp->ptr = fp->base;
    fp->cnt = read(fp->fd, fp->ptr, bufsize);
    if (--fp->cnt < 0)
    {
   
        if (fp->cnt == -1)
            fp->_flags._EOF = 1;
        else
            fp->_flags._ERR = 1;
        fp->cnt = 0;
        return EOF;
    }
    return (unsigned char) *fp->ptr++;
}

     $Excercise8-3$：

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>


#ifdef NULL
    #undef NULL
#endif

typedef struct _iobuf
{
   
    int cnt;    /* characters left          */ 
    char *ptr;  /* next character position  */ 
    char *base; /* location of buffer       */ 
    int flag;   /* mode of file access      */ 
    int fd;     /* file descriptor          */ 
} FILE;

enum _flags {
   
    _READ = 01,  /* file open for reading         */ 
    _WRITE = 02, /* file open for writing         */ 
    _UNBUF = 04, /* file is unbuffered            */ 
    _EOF = 010,  /* EOF has occurred on this file */ 
    _ERR = 020   /* error occurred on this file   */ 
};

#define NULL 0
#define EOF (-1)
#define BUFSIZ 1024
#define OPEN_MAX 20 /* max #files open at once */ 
#define stdin (&_iob[0])
#define stdout (&_iob[1])
#define stderr (&_iob[2])

extern FILE _iob[OPEN_MAX];
int _fillbuf(FILE *fp);
int _flushbuf(int c, FILE *fp);
void error(char *msg);

#define feof(p) (((p)->flag & _EOF) == _EOF)
#define ferror(p) (((p)->flag & _ERR) == _ERR)
#define fileno(p) ((p)->fd)
#define getc(p) (--(p)->cnt >= 0 ? (unsigned char) *(p)->ptr++ : _fillbuf(p))
#define putc(x, p) (--(p)->cnt >= 0 ? *(p)->ptr++ = (x) : _flushbuf((x), p))
#define getchar() getc(stdin)
#define putchar(x) putc((x), stdout)
#define PERMS 0666 /* RW for owner, group, others */ 
#define MAXERRORMSG 1000

/* stdin, stdout, stderr */ 
FILE _iob[OPEN_MAX] = 
{
   
    {
    0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, _READ, 0 },
    {
    0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, _WRITE, 1 },
    {
    0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, _WRITE | _UNBUF, 2 }
};
FILE *fopen(char *name, char *mode);
int fflush(FILE *fp);
int fclose(FILE *fp);

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
   
    int c;
    char msg[MAXERRORMSG];
	/* fpOut == stdout for usage 1 and 2 */ 
    FILE *fpIn, *fpOut = stdout; 
    if (argc == 1) /* read from stdin and write to stdout */ 
        fpIn = stdin;
    else if (argc == 2) /* read from file and write to stdout */ 
    {
   
        if ((fpIn = fopen(*++argv, "r")) == NULL)
            error(strcat(strcat(msg, "error: couldn't open file "), *argv)); 
    }
    else if (argc == 3) /* read from file1 and write to file2 */ 
    {
   
        if ((fpIn = fopen(*++argv, "r")</