关于System.err和System.out的使用区别

在学习java标准输出的时候,观察到System.err和System.out的功能非常相似。

先去查找了一下java API,文档中给出的解释如下:

out:

“标准”输出流。此流已打开并准备接受输出数据。通常,此流对应于显示器输出或者由主机环境或用户指定的另一个输出目标。对于简单独立的 Java 应用程序,编写一行输出数据的典型方式是:System.out.println(data);

err:

“标准”错误输出流。此流已打开并准备接受输出数据。通常,此流对应于显示器输出或者由主机环境或用户指定的另一个输出目标。按照惯例,此输出流用于显示错误消息,或者显示那些即使用户输出流(变量 out 的值)已经重定向到通常不被连续监视的某一文件或其他目标,也应该立刻引起用户注意的其他信息。

字面上理解二者的区别即是out用于正常的用户指定的输出,而err专门用于显示错误消失;

用以下简单代码测试二者的区别:

public class PrintErrorAndDebug {
	public static void main(String args[]) {
               System.out.println("main*()方法开始运行了");
               System.err.println("测试有什么区别");
               System.out.println("第一条");
               System.err.println("测试顺序使用");
               System.out.println("第二条");
               System.out.println("第三条");
               System.out.println("第四条");
               System.out.println("第五条");
	}
}
分别运行了两次,运行结果如下:

结果一:

结果二:

可以看到,有out.println输出的字符串相对顺序没有改变(黑色字体显示),但是err.println输出的字符串位置随机出现。同时注意到,err.println输出的字符串之间的相对位置也没有改变,例如代码改为如下:

public class PrintErrorAndDebug {
	public static void main(String args[]) {
		System.err.println("main*()方法开始运行了");
		System.err.println("测试有什么区别");
		System.out.println("第一条");
		System.err.println("测试顺序使用");
		System.err.println("第二条");
		System.err.println("第三条");
		System.err.println("第四条");
		System.err.println("第五条");
	}
}

两次运行结果如下:

结果一:


结果二:


小结:System.err和System.out的区别

区别1:API解释的二者用途不同,out为标准输出,err为标准错误输出;

区别2:在eclipse里运行,只管差别就是二者显示的颜色有所区别;

区别3:查阅相关资料,System.out.println可能会被缓冲,而System.err.println不会,由于err不需要缓冲即可输出,直接造成了我们视觉上看到的其位置的不确定性;

对这一块理解还是不太深入,如果有新的发现会继续补充。

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/** * @author Jack.Wang * */ import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.net.URL; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.LinkedHashSet; import java.util.regex.Matcher; import java.util.regex.Pattern; // 搜索Web爬行者 public class SearchCrawler implements Runnable { /* * disallowListCache缓存robot不允许搜索的URL。 Robot协议在Web站点的根目录下设置一个robots.txt文件, * 规定站点上的哪些页面是限制搜索的。 * 搜索程序应该在搜索过程跳过这些区域,下面是robots.txt的一个例子: * # robots.txt for http://somehost.com/ User-agent: * Disallow: /cgi-bin/ * Disallow: /registration # Disallow robots on registration page * Disallow: /login */ private HashMap<String, ArrayList<String>> disallowListCache = new HashMap<String, ArrayList<String>>(); ArrayList<String> errorList = new ArrayList<String>();// 错误信息 ArrayList<String> result = new ArrayList<String>(); // 搜索到的结果 String startUrl;// 开始搜索的起点 int maxUrl;// 最大处理的url数 String searchString;// 要搜索的字符串(英文) boolean caseSensitive = false;// 是否区分大小写 boolean limitHost = false;// 是否在限制的主机内搜索 public SearchCrawler(String startUrl, int maxUrl, String searchString) { this.startUrl = startUrl; this.maxUrl = maxUrl; this.searchString = searchString; } public ArrayList<String> getResult() { return result; } public void run() {// 启动搜索线程 crawl(startUrl, maxUrl, searchString, limitHost, caseSensitive); } // 检测URL格式 private URL verifyUrl(String url) { // 只处理HTTP URLs. if (!url.toLowerCase().startsWith("http://")) return null; URL verifiedUrl = null; try { verifiedUrl = new URL(url); } catch (Exception e) { return null; } return verifiedUrl; } // 检测robot是否允许访问给出的URL. private boolean isRobotAllowed(URL urlToCheck) { String host = urlToCheck.getHost().toLowerCase();// 获取给出RUL的主机 // System.out.println("主机="+host); // 获取主机不允许搜索的URL缓存 ArrayList<String> disallowList = disallowListCache.get(host); // 如果还没有缓存,下载并缓存。 if (disallowList == null) { disallowList = new ArrayList<String>(); try { URL robotsFileUrl = new URL("http://" + host + "/robots.txt"); BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(robotsFileUrl.openStream())); // 读robot文件,创建不允许访问的路径列表。 String line; while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) { if (line.indexOf("Disallow:") == 0) {// 是否包含"Disallow:" String disallowPath = line.substring("Disallow:" .length());// 获取不允许访问路径 // 检查是否有注释。 int commentIndex = disallowPath.indexOf("#"); if (commentIndex != -1) { disallowPath = disallowPath.substring(0, commentIndex);// 去掉注释 } disallowPath = disallowPath.trim(); disallowList.add(disallowPath); } } // 缓存此主机不允许访问的路径。 disallowListCache.put(host, disallowList); } catch (Exception e) { return true; // web站点根目录下没有robots.txt文件,返回真 } } String file = urlToCheck.getFile(); // System.out.println("文件getFile()="+file); for (int i = 0; i < disallowList.size(); i++) { String disallow = disallowList.get(i); if (file.startsWith(disallow)) { return false; } } return true; } private String downloadPage(URL pageUrl) { try { // Open connection to URL for reading. BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( pageUrl.openStream())); // Read page into buffer. String line; StringBuffer pageBuffer = new StringBuffer(); while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) { pageBuffer.append(line); } return pageBuffer.toString(); } catch (Exception e) { } return null; } // 从URL去掉"www" private String removeWwwFromUrl(String url) { int index = url.indexOf("://www."); if (index != -1) { return url.substring(0, index + 3) + url.substring(index + 7); } return (url); } // 解析页面并找出链接 private ArrayList<String> retrieveLinks(URL pageUrl, String pageContents, HashSet crawledList, boolean limitHost) { // 用正则表达式编译链接的匹配模式。 Pattern p = Pattern.compile("<a\\s+href\\s*=\\s*\"?(.*?)[\"|>]", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE); Matcher m = p.matcher(pageContents); ArrayList<String> linkList = new ArrayList<String>(); while (m.find()) { String link = m.group(1).trim(); if (link.length() < 1) { continue; } // 跳过链到本页面内链接。 if (link.charAt(0) == '#') { continue; } if (link.indexOf("mailto:") != -1) { continue; } if (link.toLowerCase().indexOf("javascript") != -1) { continue; } if (link.indexOf("://") == -1) { if (link.charAt(0) == '/') {// 处理绝对地 link = "http://" + pageUrl.getHost() + ":" + pageUrl.getPort() + link; } else { String file = pageUrl.getFile(); if (file.indexOf('/') == -1) {// 处理相对地址 link = "http://" + pageUrl.getHost() + ":" + pageUrl.getPort() + "/" + link; } else { String path = file.substring(0, file.lastIndexOf('/') + 1); link = "http://" + pageUrl.getHost() + ":" + pageUrl.getPort() + path + link; } } } int index = link.indexOf('#'); if (index != -1) { link = link.substring(0, index); } link = removeWwwFromUrl(link); URL verifiedLink = verifyUrl(link); if (verifiedLink == null) { continue; } /* 如果限定主机,排除那些不合条件的URL */ if (limitHost && !pageUrl.getHost().toLowerCase().equals( verifiedLink.getHost().toLowerCase())) { continue; } // 跳过那些已经处理的链接. if (crawledList.contains(link)) { continue; } linkList.add(link); } return (linkList); } // 搜索下载Web页面的内容,判断在该页面内有没有指定的搜索字符串 private boolean searchStringMatches(String pageContents, String searchString, boolean caseSensitive) { String searchContents = pageContents; if (!caseSensitive) {// 如果不区分大小写 searchContents = pageContents.toLowerCase(); } Pattern p = Pattern.compile("[\\s]+"); String[] terms = p.split(searchString); for (int i = 0; i < terms.length; i++) { if (caseSensitive) { if (searchContents.indexOf(terms[i]) == -1) { return false; } } else { if (searchContents.indexOf(terms[i].toLowerCase()) == -1) { return false; } } } return true; } // 执行实际的搜索操作 public ArrayList<String> crawl(String startUrl, int maxUrls, String searchString, boolean limithost, boolean caseSensitive) { HashSet<String> crawledList = new HashSet<String>(); LinkedHashSet<String> toCrawlList = new LinkedHashSet<String>(); if (maxUrls < 1) { errorList.add("Invalid Max URLs value."); System.out.println("Invalid Max URLs value."); } if (searchString.length() < 1) { errorList.add("Missing Search String."); System.out.println("Missing search String"); } if (errorList.size() > 0) { System.out.println("err!!!"); return errorList; } // 从开始URL移出www startUrl = removeWwwFromUrl(startUrl); toCrawlList.add(startUrl); while (toCrawlList.size() > 0) { if (maxUrls != -1) { if (crawledList.size() == maxUrls) { break; } } // Get URL at bottom of the list. String url = toCrawlList.iterator().next(); // Remove URL from the to crawl list. toCrawlList.remove(url); // Convert string url to URL object. URL verifiedUrl = verifyUrl(url); // Skip URL if robots are not allowed to access it. if (!isRobotAllowed(verifiedUrl)) { continue; } // 增加已处理的URL到crawledList crawledList.add(url); String pageContents = downloadPage(verifiedUrl); if (pageContents != null && pageContents.length() > 0) { // 从页面获取有效的链接 ArrayList<String> links = retrieveLinks(verifiedUrl, pageContents, crawledList, limitHost); toCrawlList.addAll(links); if (searchStringMatches(pageContents, searchString, caseSensitive)) { result.add(url); System.out.println(url); } } } return result; } // 主函数 public static void main(String[] args) { SearchCrawler crawler = new SearchCrawler("http://www.blogjava.net/Jack2007/", 20,"jack"); Thread search = new Thread(crawler); System.out.println("Start searching..."); System.out.println("result:"); search.start(); try { search.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } } }
package com.hexiang.utils; import java.sql.*; import java.util.*; /** * * Title: 数据库工具类 * * * Description: 将大部分的数据库操作放入这个类, 包括数据库连接的建立, 自动释放等. * * * @author beansoft 日期: 2004年04月 * @version 2.0 */ public class DatabaseUtil { /** 数据库连接 */ private java.sql.Connection connection; /** * All database resources created by this class, should be free after all * operations, holds: ResultSet, Statement, PreparedStatement, etc. */ private ArrayList resourcesList = new ArrayList(5); public DatabaseUtil() { } /** 关闭数据库连接并释放所有数据库资源 */ public void close() { closeAllResources(); close(getConnection()); } /** * Close given connection. * * @param connection * Connection */ public static void close(Connection connection) { try { connection.close(); } catch (Exception ex) { System.err.println("Exception when close a connection: " + ex.getMessage()); } } /** * Close all resources created by this class. */ public void closeAllResources() { for (int i = 0; i < this.getResourcesList().size(); i++) { closeJDBCResource(getResourcesList().get(i)); } } /** * Close a jdbc resource, such as ResultSet, Statement, Connection.... All * these objects must have a method signature is void close(). * * @param resource - * jdbc resouce to close */ public void closeJDBCResource(Object resource) { try { Class clazz = resource.getClass(); java.lang.reflect.Method method = clazz.getMethod("close", null); method.invoke(resource, null); } catch (Exception e) { // e.printStackTrace(); } } /** * 执行 SELECT 等 SQL 语句并返回结果集. * * @param sql * 需要发送到数据库 SQL 语句 * @return a ResultSet object that contains the data produced * by the given query; never null */ public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql) { try { Statement statement = getStatement(); ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery(sql); this.getResourcesList().add(rs); this.getResourcesList().add(statement);// BUG fix at 2006-04-29 by BeanSoft, added this to res list // MySql 数据库要求必需关闭 statement 对象, 否则释放不掉资源 // - 此观点错误, 因为关闭此对象后有时数据无法读出 //statement.close(); return rs; } catch (Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error in executeQuery(\"" + sql + "\"):" + ex); // ex.printStackTrace(); return null; } } /** * Executes the given SQL statement, which may be an INSERT, * UPDATE, or DELETE statement or an SQL * statement that returns nothing, such as an SQL DDL statement. 执行给定的 SQL * 语句, 这些语句可能是 INSERT, UPDATE 或者 DELETE 语句, 或者是一个不返回任何东西的 SQL 语句, 例如一个 SQL * DDL 语句. * * @param sql * an SQL INSERT,UPDATE or * DELETE statement or an SQL statement that * returns nothing * @return either the row count for INSERT, * UPDATE or DELETE statements, or * 0 for SQL statements that return nothing */ public int executeUpdate(String sql) { try { Statement statement = getStatement(); return statement.executeUpdate(sql); // MySql 数据库要求必需关闭 statement 对象, 否则释放不掉资源 // - 此观点错误, 因为关闭此对象后有时数据无法读出 //statement.close(); } catch (Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error in executeUpdate(): " + sql + " " + ex); //System.out.println("executeUpdate:" + sql); ex.printStackTrace(); } return -1; } /** * 返回记录总数, 使用方法: getAllCount("SELECT count(ID) from tableName") 2004-06-09 * 可滚动的 Statement 不能执行 SELECT MAX(ID) 之类的查询语句(SQLServer 2000) * * @param sql * 需要执行的 SQL * @return 记录总数 */ public int getAllCount(String sql) { try { Statement statement = getConnection().createStatement(); this.getResourcesList().add(statement); ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery(sql); rs.next(); int cnt = rs.getInt(1); rs.close(); try { statement.close(); this.getResourcesList().remove(statement); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } return cnt; } catch (Exception ex) { System.out.println("Exception in DatabaseUtil.getAllCount(" + sql + "):" + ex); ex.printStackTrace(); return 0; } } /** * 返回当前数据库连接. */ public java.sql.Connection getConnection() { return connection; } /** * 连接新的数据库对象到这个工具类, 首先尝试关闭老连接. */ public void setConnection(java.sql.Connection connection) { if (this.connection != null) { try { getConnection().close(); } catch (Exception ex) { } } this.connection = connection; } /** * Create a common statement from the database connection and return it. * * @return Statement */ public Statement getStatement() { // 首先尝试获取可滚动的 Statement, 然后才是普通 Statement Statement updatableStmt = getUpdatableStatement(); if (updatableStmt != null) return updatableStmt; try { Statement statement = getConnection().createStatement(); this.getResourcesList().add(statement); return statement; } catch (Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error in getStatement(): " + ex); } return null; } /** * Create a updatable and scrollable statement from the database connection * and return it. * * @return Statement */ public Statement getUpdatableStatement() { try { Statement statement = getConnection() .createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE, ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE); this.getResourcesList().add(statement); return statement; } catch (Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error in getUpdatableStatement(): " + ex); } return null; } /** * Create a prepared statement and return it. * * @param sql * String SQL to prepare * @throws SQLException * any database exception * @return PreparedStatement the prepared statement */ public PreparedStatement getPreparedStatement(String sql) throws SQLException { try { PreparedStatement preparedStatement = getConnection() .prepareStatement(sql, ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE, ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE); this.getResourcesList().add(preparedStatement); return preparedStatement; } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } return null; } /** * Return the resources list of this class. * * @return ArrayList the resources list */ public ArrayList getResourcesList() { return resourcesList; } /** * Fetch a string from the result set, and avoid return a null string. * * @param rs * the ResultSet * @param columnName * the column name * @return the fetched string */ public static String getString(ResultSet rs, String columnName) { try { String result = rs.getString(columnName); if (result == null) { result = ""; } return result; } catch (Exception ex) { } return ""; } /** * Get all the column labels * * @param resultSet * ResultSet * @return String[] */ public static String[] getColumns(ResultSet resultSet) { if (resultSet == null) { return null; } try { ResultSetMetaData metaData = resultSet.getMetaData(); int numberOfColumns = metaData.getColumnCount(); if (numberOfColumns <= 0) { return null; } String[] columns = new String[numberOfColumns]; //System.err.println("numberOfColumns=" + numberOfColumns); // Get the column names for (int column = 0; column < numberOfColumns; column++) { // System.out.print(metaData.getColumnLabel(column + 1) + "\t"); columns[column] = metaData.getColumnName(column + 1); } return columns; } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } return null; } /** * Get the row count of the result set. * * @param resultset * ResultSet * @throws SQLException * if a database access error occurs or the result set type is * TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY * @return int the row count * @since 1.2 */ public static int getRowCount(ResultSet resultset) throws SQLException { int row = 0; try { int currentRow = resultset.getRow(); // Remember old row position resultset.last(); row = resultset.getRow(); if (currentRow > 0) { resultset.absolute(row); } } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } return row; } /** * Get the column count of the result set. * * @param resultSet * ResultSet * @return int the column count */ public static int getColumnCount(ResultSet resultSet) { if (resultSet == null) { return 0; } try { ResultSetMetaData metaData = resultSet.getMetaData(); int numberOfColumns = metaData.getColumnCount(); return numberOfColumns; } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } return 0; } /** * Read one row's data from result set automatically and put the result it a * hashtable. Stored as "columnName" = "value", where value is converted to * String. * * @param resultSet * ResultSet * @return Hashtable */ public static final Hashtable readResultToHashtable(ResultSet resultSet) { if (resultSet == null) { return null; } Hashtable resultHash = new Hashtable(); try { String[] columns = getColumns(resultSet); if (columns != null) { // Read data column by column for (int i = 0; i < columns.length; i++) { resultHash.put(columns[i], getString(resultSet, columns[i])); } } } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } return resultHash; } /** * Read data from result set automatically and put the result it a * hashtable. Stored as "columnName" = "value", where value is converted to * String. * * Note: assume the default database string encoding is ISO8859-1. * * @param resultSet * ResultSet * @return Hashtable */ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public static final Hashtable readResultToHashtableISO(ResultSet resultSet) { if (resultSet == null) { return null; } Hashtable resultHash = new Hashtable(); try { String[] columns = getColumns(resultSet); if (columns != null) { // Read data column by column for (int i = 0; i < columns.length; i++) { String isoString = getString(resultSet, columns[i]); try { resultHash.put(columns[i], new String(isoString .getBytes("ISO8859-1"), "GBK")); } catch (Exception ex) { resultHash.put(columns[i], isoString); } } } } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } return resultHash; } /** Test this class. */ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { DatabaseUtil util = new DatabaseUtil(); // TODO: 从连接池工厂获取连接 // util.setConnection(ConnectionFactory.getConnection()); ResultSet rs = util.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM e_hyx_trans_info"); while (rs.next()) { Hashtable hash = readResultToHashtableISO(rs); Enumeration keys = hash.keys(); while (keys.hasMoreElements()) { Object key = keys.nextElement(); System.out.println(key + "=" + hash.get(key)); } } rs.close(); util.close(); } }

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