39.Shell IF表达式

Shell IF 表达式

IF 语句的基本结构

基本语法格式

if [ condition ]; then
    # 条件为真时执行的命令
fi

或者多行写法：

if [ condition ]
then
    # 条件为真时执行的命令
fi

完整结构（包含 else 和 elif）

if [ condition1 ]; then
    # condition1 为真时执行
elif [ condition2 ]; then
    # condition2 为真时执行
else
    # 所有条件都为假时执行
fi

IF 语句应用

单分支

[root@shell bin]# cat test_sshd 
#!/bin/bash

systemctl is-active sshd &>/dev/null

if (( $?!=0 ));then
  echo "Sshd is not running"
  echo -n "Start sshd ... "
  systemctl start sshd && echo Success.
fi

双分支

使用命令退出状态码$?来判断sshd服务是否运行

[root@server bin 09:49:46]# vim ssh_ctl_if_1.sh
[root@server bin 09:52:07]# cat ssh_ctl_if_1.sh
#!/bin/bash
systemctl is-active sshd &>/dev/null
return_count=$?

if (( return_count != 0 ));then
   echo "Sshd is not running."
   echo -n "Starting sshd ... "
   systemctl start sshd && echo Success || echo Fail
else
   echo "Sshd is running."
   #echo -n "Stopping sshd ... "
   #systemctl stop sshd && echo Success || echo Fail
fi
[root@server bin 09:52:11]# chmod +x ssh_ctl_if_1.sh 
[root@server bin 09:52:28]# ./ssh_ctl_if_1.sh 
Sshd is running.
[root@server bin 09:52:32]# systemctl stop sshd
[root@server bin 09:52:45]# ./ssh_ctl_if_1.sh 
Sshd is not running.
Starting sshd ... Success
[root@server bin 09:52:55]# systemctl is-active sshd
active

使用命令替换$()来来判断sshd服务是否运行

[root@server bin 09:53:05]# cp ssh_ctl_if_1.sh ssh_ctl_if_2.sh 
[root@server bin 10:03:23]# ls
ssh_ctl_if_1.sh  ssh_ctl_if_2.sh
[root@server bin 10:03:24]# vim ssh_ctl_if_2.sh 
[root@server bin 10:03:48]# cat ssh_ctl_if_2.sh
#!/bin/bash
status="$(systemctl is-active sshd)"

if (( status == "inactive" ));then
   echo "Sshd is not running."
   echo -n "Starting sshd ... "
   systemctl start sshd && echo Success || echo Fail
else
   echo "Sshd is running."
   #echo -n "Stopping sshd ... "
   #systemctl stop sshd && echo Success || echo Fail
fi
[root@server bin 10:08:40]# systemctl stop sshd
[root@server bin 10:08:49]# systemctl is-active sshd
inactive
[root@server bin 10:08:52]# ./ssh_ctl_if_2.sh 
Sshd is not running.
Starting sshd ... Success
[root@server bin 10:08:59]# systemctl is-active sshd
active

多分支

if elif else

[root@server bin 10:20:42]# cp ssh_ctl_if_2.sh ssh_ctl_if_3.sh
[root@server bin 10:21:08]# vim ssh_ctl_if_3.sh 
[root@server bin 10:21:35]# cat ssh_ctl_if_3.sh
#!/bin/bash

if [ "$1" = "start" ];then
   systemctl $1 sshd
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ];then
   systemctl $1 sshd
elif [ "$1" = "status" ];then
   systemctl $1 sshd
else
  echo "Usage: $0 start|stop|status"
fi

[root@server bin 10:21:38]# ./ssh_ctl_if_3.sh status
● sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since 五 2025-10-10 10:08:56 CST; 13min ago
   ... ...
[root@server bin 10:22:04]# ./ssh_ctl_if_3.sh stop
[root@server bin 10:22:11]# ./ssh_ctl_if_3.sh status
● sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since 五 2025-10-10 10:22:11 CST; 2s ago
   ... ...
[root@server bin 10:22:13]# ./ssh_ctl_if_3.sh start
[root@server bin 10:22:18]# ./ssh_ctl_if_3.sh status
● sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since 五 2025-10-10 10:22:18 CST; 2s ago
   ... ...

也可以减少代码量，优化一下

[root@server bin 10:23:58]# vim ssh_ctl_if_4.sh 
[root@server bin 10:24:21]# cat ssh_ctl_if_4.sh
#!/bin/bash

if [ "$1" = "start" -o "$1" = "stop" -o "$1" = "status" ];then
   systemctl $1 sshd
else
  echo "Usage: $0 start|stop|status"
fi

根据上一节的内容，-o，表示或者

综合练习

需求：每3分钟检查一次系统可用内存，如果空闲内存低于100M时给root用户发邮件。

1. 每3分钟运行一次脚本 cron定时任务完成
2. 检查内存 free -m | awk ‘/Mem/ {print $4}’
3. 发邮件 mailx，具体命令示例 mail -s “test” root < /etc/hosts

[root@server bin 10:47:34]# vim check_memory.sh
[root@server bin 10:47:53]# cat check_memory.sh
#!/bin/bash
memory_available_size=$(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $NF}')
memory_min_size=10000
if (( memory_free_size < memory_min_size ));then
 echo "Current available memory size is ${memory_available_size}" | \
 mail -s "memory size is lower" root
fi
[root@server bin 10:49:11]# chmod +x check_memory.sh 

# 为了方便测试，这里我们选择每一分钟检查一次
[root@server bin 10:49:56]# crontab -e
[root@server bin 10:51:22]# crontab -l
* * * * * /root/bin/check_memory.sh

# 先安装mailx软件包，使用这个软件包来查看邮件
[root@server bin 10:52:38]# yum install -y mailx
[root@server bin 10:53:08]# mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10.  Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 2 messages 2 new
>N  1 (Cron Daemon)         Fri Oct 10 10:52  25/866   
 N  2 (Cron Daemon)         Fri Oct 10 10:53  25/866   
& New mail has arrived.
Held 2 messages in /var/spool/mail/root
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件

[root@server bin 10:54:27]# mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10.  Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 3 messages 1 new 3 unread
 U  1 (Cron Daemon)         Fri Oct 10 10:52  26/876   
 U  2 (Cron Daemon)         Fri Oct 10 10:53  26/876   
>N  3 (Cron Daemon)         Fri Oct 10 10:54  25/866

总结

• 基本结构：if [ condition ]; then ... fi
• 测试命令：test 或 [ ] 或 [[ ]]
• 文件测试：-f, -d, -e 等
• 字符串比较：=, !=, -z, -n
• 数值比较：-eq, -ne, -gt, -lt 等
• 逻辑运算：&&, ||, !