Pandas入门

最新推荐文章于 2024-02-05 07:59:51 发布

cd_sywe

最新推荐文章于 2024-02-05 07:59:51 发布

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分类专栏： Python数据分析文章标签： Pandas入门

原文链接：https://www.pypandas.cn/docs/getting_started/10min.html

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Pandas入门

导入 Pandas 与 NumPy：

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

创建Pandas对象

用值列表生成 Series 时，Pandas 默认自动生成整数索引：

s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])

Out: 
0    1.0
1    3.0
2    5.0
3    NaN
4    6.0
5    8.0
dtype: float64

用含日期时间索引与标签的 NumPy 数组生成 DataFrame ：

dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)

Out: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04', '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

用 Series 字典对象生成 DataFrame：

df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': 1.,
...:                'B': pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
...:                'C': pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype='float32'),
...:                'D': np.array([3] * 4, dtype='int32'),
...:                'E': pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
...:                'F': 'foo'})
...: 

Out: 
     A          B    C  D      E    F
0  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
1  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo
2  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
3  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo

DataFrame 的列有不同数据类型：

df2.dtypes

Out: 
A           float64
B    datetime64[ns]
C           float32
D             int32
E          category
F            object
dtype: object

查看数据

下列代码说明如何查看 DataFrame 头部和尾部数据：

df.head()

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

df.tail(3)

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

显示索引与列名：

df.index

Out: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

df.columns

Out: 
Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')

DataFrame.to_numpy() 输出底层数据的 NumPy 对象。注意，DataFrame 的列由多种数据类型组成时，该操作耗费系统资源较大。
这也是 Pandas 和 NumPy 的本质区别： NumPy 数组只有一种数据类型，DataFrame 每列的数据类型各不相同。 调用 DataFrame.to_numpy() 时，Pandas 查找支持 DataFrame 里所有数据类型的 NumPy 数据类型。还有一种数据类型是 object，可以把 DataFrame 列里的值强制转换为 Python 对象。

下面的 df 这个 DataFrame里的值都是浮点数，DataFrame.to_numpy()的操作会很快，而且不复制数据。

df.to_numpy()

Out: 
array([[ 0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356],
       [ 1.2121, -0.1732,  0.1192, -1.0442],
       [-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949,  1.0718],
       [ 0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396,  0.2719],
       [-0.425 ,  0.567 ,  0.2762, -1.0874],
       [-0.6737,  0.1136, -1.4784,  0.525 ]])

df2 这个 DataFrame包含了多种类型，DataFrame.to_numpy()操作就会耗费较多资源。

df2.to_numpy()

Out: 
array([[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo']], dtype=object)

注意： DataFrame.to_numpy() 的输出不包含行索引和列标签。

describe() 可以快速查看数据的统计摘要：

df.describe()

Out: 
              A         B         C         D
count  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000
mean   0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103
std    0.843157  0.922818  0.779887  0.973118
min   -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25%   -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50%    0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75%    0.658444  0.041933 -0.034326  0.461706
max    1.212112  0.567020  0.276232  1.071804

转置数据：

df.T

Out: 
   2013-01-01  2013-01-02  2013-01-03  2013-01-04  2013-01-05  2013-01-06
A    0.469112    1.212112   -0.861849    0.721555   -0.424972   -0.673690
B   -0.282863   -0.173215   -2.104569   -0.706771    0.567020    0.113648
C   -1.509059    0.119209   -0.494929   -1.039575    0.276232   -1.478427
D   -1.135632   -1.044236    1.071804    0.271860   -1.087401    0.524988

按轴排序：

df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)

Out: 
                   D         C         B         A
2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863  0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236  0.119209 -0.173215  1.212112
2013-01-03  1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04  0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771  0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401  0.276232  0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06  0.524988 -1.478427  0.113648 -0.673690

按值排序：

df.sort_values(by='B')

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

选择数据

注意：
选择、设置标准 Python / Numpy 的表达式已经非常直观，交互也很方便，但对于生产代码，我们还是推荐优化过的 Pandas 数据访问方法：.at、.iat、.loc 和 .iloc。

获取数据

选择单列，产生 Series，与 df.A 等效：

df['A']

Out: 
2013-01-01    0.469112
2013-01-02    1.212112
2013-01-03   -0.861849
2013-01-04    0.721555
2013-01-05   -0.424972
2013-01-06   -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64

用 [ ] 切片行：

df[0:3]

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

df['20130102':'20130104']

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

按标签选择

用标签提取一行数据：

df.loc[dates[0]]

Out: 
A    0.469112
B   -0.282863
C   -1.509059
D   -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

用标签选择多列数据：

df.loc[:, ['A', 'B']]

Out: 
                   A         B
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648

用标签切片，包含行与列结束点：

df.loc['20130102':'20130104', ['A', 'B']]

Out: 
                   A         B
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771

返回对象降维：

df.loc['20130102', ['A', 'B']]

Out: 
A    1.212112
B   -0.173215
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64

提取标量值：

df.loc[dates[0], 'A']

Out: 0.46911229990718628

快速访问标量，与上述方法等效：

df.at[dates[0], 'A']

Out: 0.46911229990718628

布尔索引

用单列的值选择数据：

df[df.A > 0]

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

选择 DataFrame 里满足条件的值：

df[df > 0]

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988

用 isin() 筛选：

df2 = df.copy()
df2['E'] = ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'three']

Out: 
                   A         B         C         D      E
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632    one
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236    one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804    two
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860  three
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401   four
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988  three

df2[df2['E'].isin(['two', 'four'])]

Out[44]: 
                   A         B         C         D     E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804   two
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401  four

赋值

用索引自动对齐新增列的数据：

s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))

Out: 
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64

df['F'] = s1

按标签赋值：

df.at[dates[0], 'A'] = 0

按位置赋值：

df.iat[0, 1] = 0

按 NumPy 数组赋值：

df.loc[:, 'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))

上述赋值结果：

Out: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232  5  4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  5  5.0

用 where 条件赋值：

df2 = df.copy()
df2[df2 > 0] = -df2

Out: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059 -5  NaN
2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0

缺失值

Pandas 主要用 np.nan 表示缺失数据。计算时，默认不包含空值。

重建索引（reindex）可以更改、添加、删除指定轴的索引，并返回数据副本，即不更改原数据。

df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])
df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1], 'E'] = 1

Out: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  NaN
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  NaN

删除所有含缺失值的行：

df1.dropna(how='any')

Out: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0

填充缺失值：

df1.fillna(value=5)

Out: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  5.0  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  5.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  5.0

提取 nan 值的布尔掩码：

pd.isna(df1)

Out: 
                A      B      C      D      F      E
2013-01-01  False  False  False  False   True  False
2013-01-02  False  False  False  False  False  False
2013-01-03  False  False  False  False  False   True
2013-01-04  False  False  False  False  False   True

运算

统计

一般情况下，运算时排除缺失值。描述性统计：

df.mean()

Out: 
A   -0.004474
B   -0.383981
C   -0.687758
D    5.000000
F    3.000000
dtype: float64

在另一个轴（即，行）上执行同样的操作：

df.mean(1)

Out: 
2013-01-01    0.872735
2013-01-02    1.431621
2013-01-03    0.707731
2013-01-04    1.395042
2013-01-05    1.883656
2013-01-06    1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64

不同维度对象运算时，要先对齐。此外，Pandas 自动沿指定维度广播。

s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8], index=dates).shift(2)

Out: 
2013-01-01    NaN
2013-01-02    NaN
2013-01-03    1.0
2013-01-04    3.0
2013-01-05    5.0
2013-01-06    NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64

df.sub(s, axis='index')

Out: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-02       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929  4.0  1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575  2.0  0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768  0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN

Apply 函数

Apply 函数处理数据：

df.apply(np.cumsum)

Out: 
                   A         B         C   D     F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059   5   NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850  10   1.0
2013-01-03  0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779  15   3.0
2013-01-04  1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354  20   6.0
2013-01-05  0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122  25  10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549  30  15.0

df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())

Out: 
A    2.073961
B    2.671590
C    1.785291
D    0.000000
F    4.000000
dtype: float64

字符串方法

Series 的 str 属性包含一组字符串处理功能，如下列代码所示。注意，str 的模式匹配默认使用正则表达式。

s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])
s.str.lower()

Out: 
0       a
1       b
2       c
3    aaba
4    baca
5     NaN
6    caba
7     dog
8     cat
dtype: object

合并（Merge）

结合（Concat）

Pandas 提供了多种将 Series、DataFrame 对象组合在一起的功能，用索引与关联代数功能的多种设置逻辑可执行连接（join）与合并（merge）操作。

concat() 用于连接 Pandas 对象：

df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))

Out: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

# 分解为多组
pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]
pd.concat(pieces)

Out: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

连接（join）

SQL 风格的合并。

left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})

Out(left): 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  foo     2
Out(right): 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  foo     5

pd.merge(left, right, on='key')

Out: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  foo     1     5
2  foo     2     4
3  foo     2     5

这里还有一个例子：

left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'rval': [4, 5]})

Out(left): 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  bar     2
Out(right): 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  bar     5

pd.merge(left, right, on='key')

Out: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  bar     2     5

追加（Append）

为 DataFrame 追加行。

df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])

Out: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758

s = df.iloc[3]
df.append(s, ignore_index=True)

Out: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758
8  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610

分组（Grouping）

“group by” 指的是涵盖下列一项或多项步骤的处理流程：

分割：按条件把数据分割成多组
应用：为每组单独应用函数
组合：将处理结果组合成一个数据结构

df = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
....:                    'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
....:              'B': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
....:                    'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
....:                    'C': np.random.randn(8),
....:                    'D': np.random.randn(8)})

Out: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -1.202872 -0.055224
1  bar    one -1.814470  2.395985
2  foo    two  1.018601  1.552825
3  bar  three -0.595447  0.166599
4  foo    two  1.395433  0.047609
5  bar    two -0.392670 -0.136473
6  foo    one  0.007207 -0.561757
7  foo  three  1.928123 -1.623033

先分组，再用 sum() 函数计算每组的汇总数据：

df.groupby('A').sum()

Out: 
            C        D
A                     
bar -2.802588  2.42611
foo  3.146492 -0.63958

多列分组后，生成多层索引，也可以应用 sum 函数：

df.groupby(['A', 'B']).sum()

Out: 
                  C         D
A   B                        
bar one   -1.814470  2.395985
    three -0.595447  0.166599
    two   -0.392670 -0.136473
foo one   -1.195665 -0.616981
    three  1.928123 -1.623033
    two    2.414034  1.600434

重塑（Reshaping）

堆叠（Stack）

tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz',
....:                'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
....:               ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two',
....:                'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]))
....: 

index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])

df2 = df[:4]

Out: 
                     A         B
first second                    
bar   one     0.029399 -0.542108
      two     0.282696 -0.087302
baz   one    -1.575170  1.771208
      two     0.816482  1.100230

stack() 方法把 DataFrame 列压缩至一层：

stacked = df2.stack()

Out: 
first  second   
               B   -0.542108
       two     A    0.282696
               B   -0.087302
baz    one     A   -1.575170
               B    1.771208
       two     A    0.816482
               B    1.100230
dtype: float64

压缩后的 DataFrame 或 Series 具有多层索引， stack() (opens new window)的逆操作是 unstack() (opens new window)，默认为拆叠最后一层：

stacked.unstack()

Out: 
                     A         B
first second                    
bar   one     0.029399 -0.542108
      two     0.282696 -0.087302
baz   one    -1.575170  1.771208
      two     0.816482  1.100230

stacked.unstack(1)
Out: 
second        one       two
first                      
bar   A  0.029399  0.282696
      B -0.542108 -0.087302
baz   A -1.575170  0.816482
      B  1.771208  1.100230

stacked.unstack(0)

Out: 
first          bar       baz
second                      
one    A  0.029399 -1.575170
       B -0.542108  1.771208
two    A  0.282696  0.816482
       B -0.087302  1.100230

cd_sywe

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Pandas入门

Pandas入门导入 Pandas 与 NumPy：import numpy as npimport pandas as pd创建Pandas对象用值列表生成 Series 时，Pandas 默认自动生成整数索引：s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])Out: 0 1.01 3.02 5.03 NaN4 6.05 8.0dtype: float64用含日期时间索引与标签的 NumPy 数组生成 Da
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