C++指针与引用(三)：引用使用注意事项

1.不要返回不在作用域内的引用

class TestSimple
{
public:
	TestSimple()
	{
		cout << "TestSimple Constructor..." << endl;
	};
	TestSimple(TestSimple&);
	~TestSimple()
	{
		cout << "TestSimple Destructor..." << endl;
	};
	void SetNum(int iNum)
	{
		num = iNum;
	}
	int GetNum() const
	{
		return num;
	}
private:
	int num = 5;


};


TestSimple & TheFunc()
{
	TestSimple testSimple;
	cout << &testSimple << endl;
	testSimple.SetNum(12);
	return testSimple;
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
	TestSimple &rTestSimple = TheFunc();
	cout << "rTestSimple Address:" << &rTestSimple << endl;
	cout<<"rTestSimple.GetNum():"<<rTestSimple.GetNum()<<endl;	
	return 0;
} 

输出：

TestSimple Constructor...
0033FA8C
TestSimple Destructor...
rTestSimple Address:0033FA8C
rTestSimple.GetNum():-858993460
请按任意键继续. . .

结论：显然rTestSimple与在函数TheFunc中创建的testSimple地址一样。但是testSimple已经不在作用域被析构了。因此该函数返回一个不在作用域的不存在的对象，是很糟糕的事情。

为了解决上面问题，我们试试让TheFunc函数内，创建堆中的对象，并返回，如下：

2.返回指向堆中对象的引用

class TestSimple
{
public:
	TestSimple(){};
	TestSimple(TestSimple&);
	~TestSimple(){};
	void SetNum(int iNum)
	{
		num = iNum;
	}
	int GetNum() const
	{
		return num;
	}
private:
	int num = 5;

};



TestSimple & TheFunc()
{
	TestSimple *pTestSimple = new TestSimple();
	pTestSimple->SetNum(12);
	cout << "FunTestThree return!" << endl;
	return *pTestSimple;
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
	TestSimple &rTestSimple = TheFunc();
	cout << "rTestSimple Address:" << &rTestSimple << endl;
	cout << "rTestSimple.GetNum() :" << rTestSimple.GetNum() << endl;

	TestSimple *pTestSimple = &rTestSimple;
	cout << "pTestSimple Address" << pTestSimple << endl;
	delete pTestSimple;
	pTestSimple = nullptr;

	cout << endl;
	cout << "After delete pTestSimple" << endl;
	cout << "rTestSimple Address:" << &rTestSimple << endl;
	cout << "pTestSimple Address:" << pTestSimple << endl;

	return 0;
}

输出：

FunTestThree return!
rTestSimple Address:0073D300
rTestSimple.GetNum() :12
pTestSimple Address0073D300


After delete pTestSimple
rTestSimple Address:0073D300
pTestSimple Address:00000000
请按任意键继续. . .

结论：看似返回的引用对象，能够输出Num的值，并且也能够Delete释放对象。但是在Delete对象以后，rTestSimple任然存在，但是此时的rTestSimple引用向的对象已经被释放了，rTestSimple还引用什么呢？(引用不能赋值NULL）

将函数改为返回指针，如下：

TestSimple * TheFunc()
{
	TestSimple *pTestSimple = new TestSimple();
	pTestSimple->SetNum(12);
	cout << "FunTestThree return!" << endl;
	return pTestSimple;
}

虽然这样能够在Main函数内很好的释放内存，并且没有无用的引用，但是最优的解决方案是：

分配内存的函数也负责释放内存。