[Android]init.rc的语法 Android Init Language

一. init.rc 用來初始化設置
Android 系统运行的第一个用户空间的程序为 init, 该 code 在 system/core/init/init.c

该文件中的main() 函数会读取根目录下的init.rc进行解析，进行一些简单的初始化设置。

init.rc的code 在   system/core/rootdir/init.rc， 該脚本被直接安装到目标系统的根文件系统中，被init可执行程序解析

init执行code 如下：

init_parse_config_file("/init.rc");

其他的.rc 文件也同樣的用處。文件名格式大多為：init.XXX.rc

二. init.rc的语法

Android Init Language的文档介绍在 system/core/init/readme.txt
以下将该文档简单的过一遍。

1. Android Init Language由四种类型的语句组成，分别是Actions, Commands, Services, Options.
The Android Init Language consists of four broad classes of statements,
which are Actions, Commands, Services, and Options.

2. 一行语句就是一条command，行可以用反斜杠续行。语句中的关键字由空格分开。

如果要表示空格，可用反斜杠。关键字中有空格，请用双引号。

All of these are line-oriented, consisting of tokens separated by
whitespace.  The c-style backslash escapes may be used to insert
whitespace into a token.  Double quotes may also be used to prevent
whitespace from breaking text into multiple tokens.  The backslash,
when it is the last character on a line, may be used for line-foldi

3. #是注释。
Lines which start with a # (leading whitespace allowed) are comments.

4. 一个actions 或 services 会隐含声明了一个新的段，所有commands 或 options 属于最近的声明的段。

将忽略在第一个段之前的 commands 或 options。

Actions and Services implicitly declare a new section.  All commands
or options belong to the section most recently declared.  Commands
or options before the first section are ignored.

5. 每一个actions 和 services 都会有独一无二的名字。后面与前面发生重名的，那么这个后面重名的将被当做错误一样忽略掉。
Actions and Services have unique names.  If a second Action or Service
is declared with the same name as an existing one, it is ignored as
an error.  (??? should we override instead)

6. Actions， 由on 开始的语句块。
Actions其实就是一组被命名的命令序列。actions 都有一个触发条件，触发条件决定了action何时执行。
当一个事件发生如果匹配 action 的触发条件，那么这个 action 将会被添加到预备执行队列的尾部（除非它已经在队列当中）
每一个action中的命令将被顺序执行。init 进程负责在其它activities（如：设备创建/销毁，属性设置，进程重启）之间执行这些命令序列。

Actions are named sequences of commands.  Actions have a trigger which
is used to determine when the action should occur.  When an event
occurs which matches an action's trigger, that action is added to
the tail of a to-be-executed queue (unless it is already on the
queue).

Each action in the queue is dequeued in sequence and each command in
that action is executed in sequence.  Init handles other activities
(device creation/destruction, property setting, process restarting)
"between" the execution of the commands in activities.

action 的格式如下
on <trigger>
   <command>
   <command>
   <command>
   
7. Services
services 是一些由init 启动 和 重新（如果有需要）启动的程序，当然这些程序如果是存在的。
Services are programs which init launches and (optionally) restarts
when they exit.  

services 的格式如下：
service <name> <pathname> [ <argument> ]*
   <option>
   <option>
   ...
   
8. Options
options 是service的修饰符，用来告诉init 怎样及何时启动service。
Options are modifiers to services.  They affect how and when init
runs the service.

以下都是options

critical
   This is a device-critical service. If it exits more than four times in
   four minutes, the device will reboot into recovery mode.

disabled
   This service will not automatically start with its class.
   It must be explicitly started by name.

setenv <name> <value>
   Set the environment variable <name> to <value> in the launched process.

socket <name> <type> <perm> [ <user> [ <group> [ <context> ] ] ]
   Create a unix domain socket named /dev/socket/<name> and pass
   its fd to the launched process.  <type> must be "dgram", "stream" or "seqpacket".
   User and group default to 0.
   Context is the SELinux security context for the socket.
   It defaults to the service security context, as specified by seclabel or
   computed based on the service executable file security context.

user <username>
   Change to username before exec'ing this service.
   Currently defaults to root.  (??? probably should default to nobody)
   Currently, if your process requires linux capabilities then you cannot use
   this command. You must instead request the capabilities in-process while
   still root, and then drop to your desired uid.

group <groupname> [ <groupname> ]*
   Change to groupname before exec'ing this service.  Additional
   groupnames beyond the (required) first one are used to set the
   supplemental groups of the process (via setgroups()).
   Currently defaults to root.  (??? probably should default to nobody)

seclabel <securitycontext>
  Change to securitycontext before exec'ing this service.
  Primarily for use by services run from the rootfs, e.g. ueventd, adbd.
  Services on the system partition can instead use policy-defined transitions
  based on their file security context.
  If not specified and no transition is defined in policy, defaults to the init context.

oneshot
   Do not restart the service when it exits.

class <name>
   Specify a class name for the service.  All services in a
   named class may be started or stopped together.  A service
   is in the class "default" if one is not specified via the
   class option.

onrestart
    Execute a Command (see below) when service restarts.
    

9. Triggers
如果匹配上triggers字串，就會去促發action.
   Triggers are strings which can be used to match certain kinds
   of events and used to cause an action to occur.

以下為trigger的字串

boot
   This is the first trigger that will occur when init starts
   (after /init.conf is loaded)

<name>=<value>
   Triggers of this form occur when the property <name> is set
   to the specific value <value>.

device-added-<path>
device-removed-<path>
   Triggers of these forms occur when a device node is added
   or removed.

service-exited-<name>
   Triggers of this form occur when the specified service exits.

10. Commands
--------

exec <path> [ <argument> ]*
   Fork and execute a program (<path>).  This will block until
   the program completes execution.  It is best to avoid exec
   as unlike the builtin commands, it runs the risk of getting
   init "stuck". (??? maybe there should be a timeout?)

export <name> <value>
   Set the environment variable <name> equal to <value> in the
   global environment (which will be inherited by all processes
   started after this command is executed)

ifup <interface>
   Bring the network interface <interface> online.

import <filename>
   Parse an init config file, extending the current configuration.

hostname <name>
   Set the host name.

chdir <directory>
   Change working directory.

chmod <octal-mode> <path>
   Change file access permissions.

chown <owner> <group> <path>
   Change file owner and group.

chroot <directory>
  Change process root directory.

class_start <serviceclass>
   Start all services of the specified class if they are
   not already running.

class_stop <serviceclass>
   Stop all services of the specified class if they are
   currently running.

domainname <name>
   Set the domain name.

enable <servicename>
   Turns a disabled service into an enabled one as if the service did not
   specify disabled.
   If the service is supposed to be running, it will be started now.
   Typically used when the bootloader sets a variable that indicates a specific
   service should be started when needed. E.g.
     on property:ro.boot.myfancyhardware=1
        enable my_fancy_service_for_my_fancy_hardware


insmod <path>
   Install the module at <path>

mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group]
   Create a directory at <path>, optionally with the given mode, owner, and
   group. If not provided, the directory is created with permissions 755 and
   owned by the root user and root group.

mount <type> <device> <dir> [ <mountoption> ]*
   Attempt to mount the named device at the directory <dir>
   <device> may be of the form mtd@name to specify a mtd block
   device by name.
   <mountoption>s include "ro", "rw", "remount", "noatime", ...

restorecon <path> [ <path> ]*
   Restore the file named by <path> to the security context specified
   in the file_contexts configuration.
   Not required for directories created by the init.rc as these are
   automatically labeled correctly by init.

restorecon_recursive <path> [ <path> ]*
   Recursively restore the directory tree named by <path> to the
   security contexts specified in the file_contexts configuration.
   Do NOT use this with paths leading to shell-writable or app-writable
   directories, e.g. /data/local/tmp, /data/data or any prefix thereof.

setcon <securitycontext>
   Set the current process security context to the specified string.
   This is typically only used from early-init to set the init context
   before any other process is started.

setenforce 0|1
   Set the SELinux system-wide enforcing status.
   0 is permissive (i.e. log but do not deny), 1 is enforcing.

setkey
   TBD

setprop <name> <value>
   Set system property <name> to <value>.

setrlimit <resource> <cur> <max>
   Set the rlimit for a resource.

setsebool <name> <value>
   Set SELinux boolean <name> to <value>.
   <value> may be 1|true|on or 0|false|off

start <service>
   Start a service running if it is not already running.

stop <service>
   Stop a service from running if it is currently running.

symlink <target> <path>
   Create a symbolic link at <path> with the value <target>

sysclktz <mins_west_of_gmt>
   Set the system clock base (0 if system clock ticks in GMT)

trigger <event>
   Trigger an event.  Used to queue an action from another
   action.

wait <path> [ <timeout> ]
  Poll for the existence of the given file and return when found,
  or the timeout has been reached. If timeout is not specified it
  currently defaults to five seconds.

write <path> <string>
   Open the file at <path> and write a string to it with write(2)
   without appending.

11. Properties
----------
Init updates some system properties to provide some insight into
what it's doing:

init.action
   Equal to the name of the action currently being executed or "" if none

init.command
   Equal to the command being executed or "" if none.

init.svc.<name>
   State of a named service ("stopped", "running", "restarting")

12. Example init.conf
-----------------

# not complete -- just providing some examples of usage
#
on boot
   export PATH /sbin:/system/sbin:/system/bin
   export LD_LIBRARY_PATH /system/lib

   mkdir /dev
   mkdir /proc
   mkdir /sys

   mount tmpfs tmpfs /dev
   mkdir /dev/pts
   mkdir /dev/socket
   mount devpts devpts /dev/pts
   mount proc proc /proc
   mount sysfs sysfs /sys

   write /proc/cpu/alignment 4

   ifup lo

   hostname localhost
   domainname localhost

   mount yaffs2 mtd@system /system
   mount yaffs2 mtd@userdata /data

   import /system/etc/init.conf

   class_start default

service adbd /sbin/adbd
   user adb
   group adb

service usbd /system/bin/usbd -r
   user usbd
   group usbd
   socket usbd 666

service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote
   socket zygote 666

service runtime /system/bin/runtime
   user system
   group system

on device-added-/dev/compass
   start akmd

on device-removed-/dev/compass
   stop akmd

service akmd /sbin/akmd
   disabled
   user akmd
   group akmd

13. Debugging notes

怎麼樣輸出log。

---------------
By default, programs executed by init will drop stdout and stderr into
/dev/null. To help with debugging, you can execute your program via the
Andoird program logwrapper. This will redirect stdout/stderr into the
Android logging system (accessed via logcat).

For example
service akmd /system/bin/logwrapper /sbin/akmd
  

三. init.rc 添加code

mkdir /cache/recovery