第四部分-继承和多态
4.6、继承
1、继承的基本语法
2、继承方式*
继承的语法:class 子类 : 继承方式 父类
继承方式一共有三种:
公共继承
保护继承
私有继承
3、继承中的对象模型
**问题:**从父类继承过来的成员,那些属于子类对象中?
**结论:**父类中私有成员也是被子类继承下去,只是由编译器给隐藏后访问不到
4、继承中构造和析构的顺序
总结:继承中 先调用父类构造函数,在调用子类构造函数,析构顺序与构造相反
5、继承同名成员处理方式
总结:
1、子类对象可以直接访问到子类中同名成员
2、子类对象加作用域可以访问到父类同名成员
3、当子类与父类拥有同名的成员函数,子类会隐藏父类中同名成员函数,加作用域可以访问到父类中同名函数
6、继承同名静态成员处理方式
总结:同名静态成员处理方式和非静态处理方式一样,只不过有两种访问的方式(通过对象和通过类名)
7、多继承语法
总结:多继承中如果父类出现了同名情况,子类使用时候要加作用域
8、菱形继承
vbptr解释
代码演示
总结:
菱形继承带来的主要问题是子类继承两份相同的数据,导致资源浪费以及毫无意义
利用虚继承可以解决零星继承问题
4.7、多态
1、多态的基本概念
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//多态
//动物类
class Animal {
public:
//虚函数
virtual void speak() {
cout << "动物在说话" << endl;
}
};
class Cat :public Animal{
public:
void speak() {
cout << "猫在说话" << endl;
}
};
//执行说话的函数
//地址早绑定 在编译阶段确定函数地址
//如果想执行让猫说话,那么这个函数地址就不能提前绑定
//动态多台满足条件
//1、有继承关系
//2、子类重写父类的虚函数
//动态多态使用
// 父类的指针或者引用执行子类对象
void doSpeak(Animal &animal) {// Animal & animal = cat;
animal.speak();
}
void test01() {
//重写 函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表 完全相同
Cat cat;
doSpeak(cat);
}
void test02() {
cout << "sizeof Animal = " << sizeof(Animal) << endl;
}
int main() {
//test01();
test02();
}
内存指针层面的解释
2、多态案例一、计算器类
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
//普通写法
class Calculator {
public:
int getResult(string oper) {
if (oper == "+") {
return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
}
if (oper == "-") {
return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
}
if (oper == "*") {
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
}
if (oper == "/") {
return m_Num1 / m_Num2;
}
//如果想扩展新的功能,需求修改源码
//在真是开发中 提倡 开闭原则
//开闭原则:对扩展进行开发,对修改进行关闭
}
int m_Num1;
int m_Num2;
};
void test01() {
Calculator c;
c.m_Num1 = 10;
c.m_Num2 = 10;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "+" << c.m_Num2 << "=" << c.getResult("+") << endl;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "-" << c.m_Num2 << "-" << c.getResult("-") << endl;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "*" << c.m_Num2 << "*" << c.getResult("*") << endl;
cout << c.m_Num1 << "/" << c.m_Num2 << "/" << c.getResult("/") << endl;
}
//利用多态实现计算器
//实现计算器抽象类
//1、组织结构清晰
//2、可读性强
//3、对于前期和后期扩展以及维护性高
class AbstractCaculator {
public:
virtual int getResult(){
return 0;
}
int m_Num1;
int m_Num2;
};
//加法计算器类
class AddCalculator : public AbstractCaculator {
public:
int getResult() {
return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
}
};
class SubCalculator : public AbstractCaculator {
public:
int getResult() {
return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
}
};
class MulCalculator : public AbstractCaculator {
public:
int getResult() {
return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
}
};
void test02() {
//多态使用
//父类指针或者引用指向子类对象
//加法对象
AbstractCaculator* abs = new AddCalculator;
abs->m_Num1 = 10;
abs->m_Num2 = 10;
cout << abs->m_Num1 << "+" << abs->m_Num2 << "=" << abs->getResult() << endl;
//用完记得销毁
delete abs;
//减法运算
abs = new SubCalculator;
abs->m_Num1 = 10;
abs->m_Num2 = 10;
cout << abs->m_Num1 << "-" << abs->m_Num2 << "=" << abs->getResult() << endl;
delete abs;
//乘法运算
abs = new MulCalculator;
abs->m_Num1 = 10;
abs->m_Num2 = 10;
cout << abs->m_Num1 << "*" << abs->m_Num2 << "=" << abs->getResult() << endl;
delete abs;
}
int main() {
//test01();
test02();
}
总结:c++开发提倡利用多态设计程序架构,因为多态优点很多
3、纯虚函数和抽象类
4、多态案例二-制作饮品
代码
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//制作饮品
class AbstractDrinking {
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil() = 0;
//冲泡
virtual void Brew() = 0;
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup() = 0;
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething() = 0;
//制作
void makeDrink() {
Boil();
Brew();
PourInCup();
PutSomething();
}
};
//制作咖啡
class Coffee : public AbstractDrinking {
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil() {
cout << "煮农夫山泉" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void Brew() {
cout << "冲泡咖啡" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup() {
cout << "倒入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething() {
cout << "加入糖" << endl;
}
};
//制作茶
class Tea : public AbstractDrinking {
public:
//煮水
virtual void Boil() {
cout << "煮矿泉水" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void Brew() {
cout << "冲泡茶叶" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void PourInCup() {
cout << "倒入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void PutSomething() {
cout << "加入柠檬" << endl;
}
};
void doWork(AbstractDrinking * abs) { //AbstractDrinking * abs = new Caffee
abs->makeDrink();
delete abs;//释放
}
void test01() {
doWork(new Coffee);
cout << "--------------" << endl;
doWork(new Tea);
}
int main() {
test01();
}
5、虚析构和纯虚析构
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
class Animal {
public:
Animal() {
cout << "Animal的构造函数调用" << endl;
}
//利用虚析构可以解决 父类指针释放子类对象时不干净的问题
/*virtual ~Animal() {
cout << "Animal的析构函数调用" << endl;
}*/
//纯虚析构
virtual ~Animal() = 0;
//纯虚函数
virtual void speak() = 0;
};
//纯虚析构需要声明,也需要具体实现
//有了纯虚析构之后,这个类也属于抽象类,无法实例化对象
Animal::~Animal() {
cout << "Animal纯虚析构函数调用" << endl;
}
class Cat : public Animal {
public:
Cat(string name) {
cout << "Cat的构造函数调用" << endl;
m_Name = new string(name);
}
virtual void speak() {
cout << *m_Name << "小猫在说话" << endl;
}
~Cat() {
if (m_Name != NULL) {
cout << "Cat的析构函数" << endl;
}
}
string* m_Name;
};
void test01() {
Animal* animal = new Cat("TOM");
animal->speak();
//父类指针在析构时候 不会调用子类中析构函数 导致子类对象可能清理不干净,造成内存泄露
//怎么解决?基类怎加一个虚析构函数
//析构函数就是用来解决通过父类指针释放子类对象
delete animal;
}
int main() {
test01();
}
6、多态案例三-电脑组装
案例分析
代码实现
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//抽象不同零件类
//抽象cpu类
class CPU {
public:
virtual void calculat() = 0;
};
//抽象显卡类
class VideoCard {
public:
virtual void display() = 0;
};
//抽象内存条类
class Memory {
public:
virtual void storage() = 0;
};
//电脑类
class Computer {
public:
Computer(CPU* cpu, VideoCard* vc, Memory* mem) {
m_cpu = cpu;
m_vc = vc;
m_mem = mem;
}
void work() {
m_cpu->calculat();
m_vc->display();
m_mem->storage();
}
//提供一个析构函数释放三个电脑的零件
~Computer() {
//释放cpu
if (m_cpu != NULL) {
delete m_cpu;
m_cpu = NULL;
}
//释放显卡
if (m_vc != NULL) {
delete m_vc;
m_vc = NULL;
}
//释放内存
if (m_mem != NULL) {
delete m_mem;
m_mem = NULL;
}
}
private:
CPU* m_cpu;//CPU零件指针
VideoCard* m_vc;//显卡零件指针
Memory* m_mem;//内存条零件指针
};
//具体厂商
//Inter厂商
class InterCPU : public CPU {
public:
virtual void calculat() {
cout << "Inter的CPU开始计算了" << endl;
}
};
class InterVideoCard : public VideoCard {
public:
virtual void display() {
cout << "Inter的显卡开始显示了" << endl;
}
};
class InterMemory : public Memory {
public:
virtual void storage() {
cout << "Inter的内存条开始存储了" << endl;
}
};
//Lenovo厂商
class LenovoCPU : public CPU {
public:
virtual void calculat() {
cout << "Lenovo的CPU开始计算了" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoVideoCard : public VideoCard {
public:
virtual void display() {
cout << "Lenovo的显卡开始显示了" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoMemory : public Memory {
public:
virtual void storage() {
cout << "Lenovo的内存条开始存储了" << endl;
}
};
void test01() {
//第一台电脑的零件
CPU* interCpu = new InterCPU;
VideoCard* interCar = new InterVideoCard;
Memory* interMem = new InterMemory;
//创建第一台电脑
Computer* computer1 = new Computer(interCpu, interCar, interMem);
computer1->work();
delete computer1;
cout << "----------" << endl;
cout << "第二台开始工作" << endl;
//创建第二台电脑
Computer* computer2 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU,new LenovoVideoCard,new LenovoMemory);
computer2->work();
delete computer2;
cout << "----------" << endl;
cout << "第三台开始工作" << endl;
//创建第二台电脑
Computer* computer3 = new Computer(new InterCPU, new LenovoVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);
computer3->work();
delete computer3;
}
int main() {
test01();
}