一、AbstractQueuedSynchronizer是干嘛的？
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer(以下简称AQS)是理解JAVA并发包里面各种类使用的一个重要的基础抽象基类，最近也在网上看了一些博客专门讲这个，感觉有些地方没有说清楚，也有一些笔误或者理解的问题，所以自己决定也写一篇。做个笔记，方便以后查阅，如果理解有误的地方，欢迎大家批评指正。
那么，AQS是干嘛的呢，如果经常使用java并发包的朋友应该会有所了解。AQS是一个抽象的基类，它内部通过一个FIFO的同步等待队列 + 一个volatile修饰的state来管理节点等待状态等，整个类采用模板模式实现，提供一些方法供子类实现，支持互斥和共享2种模式。
本文基于Jdk1.8版本(虽然jdk1.9已经发布了，但目前主流的使用版本应该还是1.7或者1.8)。
二、同步等待队列
在AQS里面，同步等待队列叫做CLH(Craig, Landin, and Hagersten)；当线程要入队的时候，只需要构建成一个Node节点加入队尾即可，如果要出队，只需要将队首节点移除，同时唤醒下一个等待的节点。这个CLH队列可以看成是一个链表实现的，
刚开始队列里面只有一个空的Head节点，这个时候Head节点和Tail节点都是同一个节点，这个节点是虚拟的，当有线程没有获取的锁对象的时候，那么就需要构建一个Node节点往这个CLH队列里面加，同时更新节点之间的引用关系(主要就是链表的东西)，然后加入到队列里面后，一直自旋去尝试获取同步等待状态，当然，在队列里自旋的时候，还有其他很多细节，接下来我们先来分析这个Node节点的定义。
static final class Node {
/** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in shared mode */
//表示一个共享节点模式下等待的常量
static final Node SHARED = new Node();
/** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in exclusive mode */
//表示在互斥模式下等待的常量
static final Node EXCLUSIVE = null;
/** waitStatus value to indicate thread has cancelled */
//表示当前节点线程被取消
static final int CANCELLED = 1;
/** waitStatus value to indicate successor's thread needs unparking */
//表示当前节点线程等待被唤醒
static final int SIGNAL = -1;
/** waitStatus value to indicate thread is waiting on condition */
//表示当前节点线程正在等待某个条件
static final int CONDITION = -2;
/**
* waitStatus value to indicate the next acquireShared should
* unconditionally propagate
*/
//表示下一次共享模式的同步等待状态的获取将会一直循环下去
static final int PROPAGATE = -3;
/**
* Status field, taking on only the values:
* SIGNAL: The successor of this node is (or will soon be)
* blocked (via park), so the current node must
* unpark its successor when it releases or
* cancels. To avoid races, acquire methods must
* first indicate they need a signal,
* then retry the atomic acquire, and then,
* on failure, block.
* CANCELLED: This node is cancelled due to timeout or interrupt.
* Nodes never leave this state. In particular,
* a thread with cancelled node never again blocks.
* CONDITION: This node is currently on a condition queue.
* It will not be used as a sync queue node
* until transferred, at which time the status
* will be set to 0. (Use of this value here has
* nothing to do with the other uses of the
* field, but simplifies mechanics.)
* PROPAGATE: A releaseShared should be propagated to other
* nodes. This is set (for head node only) in
* doReleaseShared to ensure propagation
* continues, even if other operations have
* since intervened.
* 0: None of the above
*
* The values are arranged numerically to simplify use.
* Non-negative values mean that a node doesn't need to
* signal. So, most code doesn't need to check for particular
* values, just for sign.
*
* The field is initialized to 0 for normal sync nodes, and
* CONDITION for condition nodes. It is modified using CAS
* (or when possible, unconditional volatile writes).
*/
volatile int waitStatus;
/**
* Link to predecessor node that current node/thread relies on
* for checking waitStatus. Assigned during enqueuing, and nulled
* out (for sake of GC) only upon dequeuing. Also, upon
* cancellation of a predecessor, we short-circuit while
* finding a non-cancelled one, which will always exist
* because the head node is never cancelled: A node becomes
* head only as a result of successful acquire. A
* cancelled thread never succeeds in acquiring, and a thread only
* cancels itself, not any other node.
*/
//当前节点的前一个节点
volatile Node prev;
/**
* Link to the successor node that the current node/thread
* unparks upon release. Assigned during enqueuing, adjusted
* when bypassing cancelled predecessors, and nulled out (for
* sake of GC) when dequeued. The enq operation does not
* assign next field of a predecessor until after attachment,
* so seeing a null next field does not necessarily mean that
* node is at end of queue. However, if a next field appears
* to be null, we can scan prev's from the tail to
* double-check. The next field of cancelled nodes is set to
* point to the node itself instead of null, to make life
* easier for isOnSyncQueue.
*/
//当前节点的后一个节点
volatile Node next;
/**
* The thread that enqueued this node. Initialized on
* construction and nulled out after use.
*/
//获取同步等待状态的当前线程
volatile Thread thread;
/**
* Link to next node waiting on condition, or the special
* value SHARED. Because condition queues are accessed only
* when holding in exclusive mode, we just need a simple
* linked queue to hold nodes while they are waiting on
* conditions. They are then transferred to the queue to
* re-acquire. And because conditions can only be exclusive,
* we save a field by using special value to indicate shared
* mode.
*/
//当前节点的下一个处于等待状态的节点
Node nextWaiter;
/**
* Returns true if node is waiting in shared mode.
*/
final boolean isShared() {
return nextWaiter == SHARED;
}
/**
* Returns previous node, or throws NullPointerException if null.
* Use when predecessor cannot be null. The null check could
* be elided, but is present to help the VM.
*
* @return the predecessor of this node
*/
//找到当前节点的前一个节点
final Node predecessor() throws NullPointerException {
Node p = prev;
if (p == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
else
return p;
}
Node() { // Used to establish initial head or SHARED marker
}
Node(Thread thread, Node mode) { // Used by addWaiter
this.nextWaiter = mode;
this.thread = thread;
}
Node(Thread thread, int waitStatus) { // Used by Condition
this.waitStatus = waitStatus;
this.thread = thread;
}
}
/**
* Head of the wait queue, lazily initialized. Except for
* initialization, it is modified only via method setHead. Note:
* If head exists, its waitStatus is guaranteed not to be
* CANCELLED.
*/
//头节点
private transient volatile Node head;
/**
* Tail of the wait queue, lazily initialized. Modified only via
* method enq to add new wait node.
*/
//尾节点
private transient volatile Node tail;
/**
* The synchronization state.
*/
// volatile修饰的int类型的同步等待状态
private volatile int state;AQS主要就靠这个Node节点来维护同步等待队列，接来下我们分互斥模式访问和共享模式访问来分别看，AQS是如何实现的。
三、互斥模式
在互斥模式下，请求去获取一个锁的方法如下（因为还提供了支持中断和超时的实现，所以这里先以不支持超时和中断的这个方法作为入口）
public final void acquire(int arg) {
if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
selfInterrupt();
} acquire方法，首先会调用tryAcquire，这是一个空的方法，具体实现交给子类自己去实现，如果tryAcquire方法返回true，说明这个线程获取了锁，那么这里就不处理，如果返回了false，会分为以下几步：
1、addWaiter 方法构建一个互斥模式的节点Node，将其加入这个CLH队列。
2、acquireQueued方法，当节点入队后，会一直自旋，acquireQueued方法主要用来处理这个自旋节点什么时候该被唤醒，是否该被中断等
下面来看一下具体的源码，先看addWaiter是如何构建Node节点入队的
private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
//构造一个节点,第一个参数为当前线程,第二个参数为节点类型
Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
// Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
//首先尝试快速入队尾，如果失败了再说,这里是将队尾节点tail赋值为一个新节点pred
Node pred = tail;
if (pred != null) {
//如果快速入队成功了,那么就将当前节点的前一个节点设置为原来的那个队尾节点
node.prev = pred;
//CAS将当前节点设置为队尾节点
if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
//原来的队尾节点的下一个节点就是当前这个入队节点，也就是当前入队节点现在是队尾节点
pred.next = node;
return node;
}
}
//如果快速入队失败了，那么实行正常入队
enq(node);
return node;
}
private Node enq(final Node node) {
/**一直自旋，相当于一个死循环 */
for (;;) {
Node t = tail;
//如果目前队列里面还没有任何节点，那么需要new一个哑铃节点来充当队列头节点,此时整个队列里面
//只会有一个虚拟的head,tail节点，这2个节点指向的是同一个节点
if (t == null) { // Must initialize
if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
tail = head;
} else {
//将当前节点的前驱节点指向同步等待队列的尾节点。
node.prev = t;
//CAS设置队列尾节点为当前节点
if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
//设置成功后，以前的队尾节点的下一个节点就指向了当前入队的节点，这时入队成功，然后返回
t.next = node;
return t;
}
}
}
}入队成功后，进行自旋等待，看什么时候，自己可以被唤醒去尝试获取锁
final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
boolean failed = true;
try {
boolean interrupted = false;
//刚刚加入到CLH队列的当前线程是进行自旋，去获取锁
for (;;) {
//获取当前节点的上一个节点
final Node p = node.predecessor();
//如果上一个节点是头节点，说明队列里面只有自己在排队等待获取锁，那么就直接尝试去获取锁
if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
//如果获取锁成功，将当前节点设置为头节点
setHead(node);
//原本的头节点的下一个节点就不存在了，设置为null,便于gc
p.next = null; // help GC
failed = false;
return interrupted;
}
//如果上面返回失败了，那么首先看一下当前节点是否需要被阻塞,并检查中断状态
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
interrupted = true;
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
现在来看一下 shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire，该方法主要是判断当前节点线程是否应该被阻塞
private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
//获取前驱节点的等待状态
int ws = pred.waitStatus;
//如果前驱节点的等待状态是SIGNAL，表明前驱节点也在等待被唤醒，根据队列公平性原则，当前节点必须排队，所以当前节点需要被阻塞，这里就返回了true
if (ws == Node.SIGNAL)
/*
* This node has already set status asking a release
* to signal it, so it can safely park.
*/
return true;
//如果当前节点的前驱节点的等待状态为 取消状态(可能前驱节点被中断或者超时了)
if (ws > 0) {
/*
* Predecessor was cancelled. Skip over predecessors and
* indicate retry.
*/
// 因为前驱节点已经被取消了，那么需要重新规划当前节点的前驱节点的引用，也就是当前节点的前驱节点是已经被
//取消的这个前驱节点的前驱节点 Node <---- preNod <-----Node
do {
node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
} while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
pred.next = node;
} else {
/*
* waitStatus must be 0 or PROPAGATE. Indicate that we
* need a signal, but don't park yet. Caller will need to
* retry to make sure it cannot acquire before parking.
*/
//其他情况CAS设置当前节点的前驱节点等待状态为SIGNAL，返回false
compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL);
}
return false;
} 如果 shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) 方法返回true，则调用parkAndCheckInterrupt()方法阻塞当前线程
private final boolean parkAndCheckInterrupt() {
LockSupport.park(this);
return Thread.interrupted();
}
回到acquire方法，最后如果acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg)返回true，说明当前线程被中断，会继续调用selfInterrupt方法
static void selfInterrupt() {
//中断当前线程
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}当获取锁后，业务处理完后，就需要释放同步等待状态，会调用下面的方法来释放锁
public final boolean release(int arg) {
//首先尝试去释放等待状态，tryRelease同样交给子类自己去个性化实现
if (tryRelease(arg)) {
Node h = head;
//如果head不为null且，该节点的等待状态不为0，那么就需要唤醒它的后续节点，让后续节点去获取锁
if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
unparkSuccessor(h);
return true;
}
return false;
} 当某个节点业务处理完后释放锁之后，需要唤醒它的后继节点，如果后继节点有节点已经被中断或者超时取消了，需要继续找到一个可用的节点唤醒
private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
/*
* If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
* to clear in anticipation of signalling. It is OK if this
* fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
*/
//获取当前节点的等待状态
int ws = node.waitStatus;
if (ws < 0)
//如果节点等待状态小于0，那么就设置为0
compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);
/*
* Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
* just the next node. But if cancelled or apparently null,
* traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
* non-cancelled successor.
*/
Node s = node.next;
//如果当前节点的下一个节点为null或者说下一个节点的等待状态>0（也就是下一个节点被取消或者中断了），那么需要反向往前找到一个节点不为null且状态不大于0的节点，将它进行唤醒
if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
s = null;
for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
s = t;
}
if (s != null)
//唤醒节点线程
LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
}
三、支持响应中断的互斥模式
支持响应中断的意思就是，在CLH队列里等待的节点，可以被中断
public final void acquireInterruptibly(int arg)
throws InterruptedException {
if (Thread.interrupted())
throw new InterruptedException();
if (!tryAcquire(arg))
doAcquireInterruptibly(arg);
} 当tryAcquire返回false，也就是该线程节点没有获取到锁，接着调用 doAcquireInterruptibly方法
private void doAcquireInterruptibly(int arg)
throws InterruptedException {
//构建节点入队
final Node node = addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE);
boolean failed = true;
try {
//自旋
for (;;) {
final Node p = node.predecessor();
if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
setHead(node);
p.next = null; // help GC
failed = false;
return;
}
//入队后自旋尝试去获取或，如果该节点应该被中断，那么直接抛异常(这点的处理和刚刚上面的处理不一样，上面是加了一个中断的标志)
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
throw new InterruptedException();
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
四、支持超时时间设置的独占模式
当执行tryAcquire的时候，可以传入一个超时时间，当这个节点线程没有获取到锁而在CLH队列里面排队的时候，如果指定时间内还没有获取锁，那么直接返回，不用再队列里再等待。
public final boolean tryAcquireNanos(int arg, long nanosTimeout)
throws InterruptedException {
if (Thread.interrupted())
throw new InterruptedException();
return tryAcquire(arg) ||
doAcquireNanos(arg, nanosTimeout);
}如果没有获取到锁，也就是tryAcquire返回了false，则进入下面的方法
private boolean doAcquireNanos(int arg, long nanosTimeout)
throws InterruptedException {
//如果超时时间小于0，直接返回false
if (nanosTimeout <= 0L)
return false;
//赋值 超时时间
final long deadline = System.nanoTime() + nanosTimeout;
//构建节点入队
final Node node = addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE);
boolean failed = true;
try {
for (;;) {
final Node p = node.predecessor();
if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
setHead(node);
p.next = null; // help GC
failed = false;
return true;
}
//在自旋的过程中，不断校验剩余的超时时间
nanosTimeout = deadline - System.nanoTime();
//如果自旋的过程中已经超时了，直接返回false
if (nanosTimeout <= 0L)
return false;
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
nanosTimeout > spinForTimeoutThreshold)
LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanosTimeout);
//如果已经被中断，直接抛异常
if (Thread.interrupted())
throw new InterruptedException();
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
五、共享模式
先看一下共享模式下的获取锁方法
public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
doAcquireShared(arg);
}
如果(tryAcquireShared返回小于0表示请求成功(该方法同样交给了子类去实现)，如果没有成功则继续调用doAcquireShared，看一下调用失败后的处理方法doAcquireShared
/**
* Acquires in shared uninterruptible mode.
* @param arg the acquire argument
*/
private void doAcquireShared(int arg) {
// 将当前线程以共享模式加入同步等待队列
final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
boolean failed = true;
try {
boolean interrupted = false;
//主循环
for (;;) {
//获取当前线程的前一个节点
final Node p = node.predecessor();
//如果p是头节点，那么继续调用tryAcquireShared尝试去获取锁
if (p == head) {
int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
if (r >= 0) {
//p节点被移除，置空next引用，帮助GC
setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
p.next = null; // help GC
if (interrupted)
selfInterrupt();
failed = false;
return;
}
}
//如果当前节点的前驱节点不是头节点，判断当前节点请求失败后是否要被阻塞，如果是，阻塞并保存当前线程中断状态。
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
interrupted = true;
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}共享模式也有支持中断和超时的方法，和互斥模式实现基本一样，这里就不重复分析了。
接下来看一下共享模式下的释放操作
public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
doReleaseShared();
return true;
}
return false;
} /**
* Release action for shared mode -- signals successor and ensures
* propagation. (Note: For exclusive mode, release just amounts
* to calling unparkSuccessor of head if it needs signal.)
*/
private void doReleaseShared() {
/*
* Ensure that a release propagates, even if there are other
* in-progress acquires/releases. This proceeds in the usual
* way of trying to unparkSuccessor of head if it needs
* signal. But if it does not, status is set to PROPAGATE to
* ensure that upon release, propagation continues.
* Additionally, we must loop in case a new node is added
* while we are doing this. Also, unlike other uses of
* unparkSuccessor, we need to know if CAS to reset status
* fails, if so rechecking.
*/
for (;;) {
Node h = head;
//判断同步等待队列是否为空
if (h != null && h != tail) {
//如果不为空，获取头节点的等待状态。
int ws = h.waitStatus;
if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
//如果等待状态是SIGNAL，说明其后继节点需要唤醒
//尝试修改等待状态
if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
continue; //如果修改失败，重新循环检测。
unparkSuccessor(h);//如果修改成功，唤醒头节点的后继节点。
}
else if (ws == 0 &&
!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE)) //如果等待状态是0，尝试将其(头节点)设置为PROPAGATE
continue; // 如果设置失败，继续循环检测。
}
if (h == head) // 如果过程中头节点没有发生变化，循环退出；否则需要继续检测。
break;
}
}共享模式的也分析到这，AQS里面还提供了一些检测的方法，比如判断同步等待队列中是否有线程在等待等，都比较简单。 如果读者感兴趣，可自行查看源码或加qq交流。
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