8. String to Integer (atoi)

题目：

Implement atoi which converts a string to an integer.

The function first discards as many whitespace characters as necessary until the first non-whitespace character is found. Then, starting from this character, takes an optional initial plus or minus sign followed by as many numerical digits as possible, and interprets them as a numerical value.

The string can contain additional characters after those that form the integral number, which are ignored and have no effect on the behavior of this function.

If the first sequence of non-whitespace characters in str is not a valid integral number, or if no such sequence exists because either str is empty or it contains only whitespace characters, no conversion is performed.

If no valid conversion could be performed, a zero value is returned.

Note:

Only the space character ’ ’ is considered as whitespace character.
Assume we are dealing with an environment which could only store integers within the 32-bit signed integer range: [−$2^{31}$, $2^{31}$ − 1]. If the numerical value is out of the range of representable values, INT_MAX ($2^{31}$ − 1) or INT_MIN (−$2^{31}$) is returned.

Example 1:
Input: “42”
Output: 42

Example 2:
Input: " -42"
Output: -42
Explanation: The first non-whitespace character is ‘-’, which is the minus sign.
Then take as many numerical digits as possible, which gets 42.

Example 3:
Input: “4193 with words”
Output: 4193
Explanation: Conversion stops at digit ‘3’ as the next character is not a numerical digit.

Example 4:
Input: “words and 987”
Output: 0
Explanation: The first non-whitespace character is ‘w’, which is not a numerical
digit or a +/- sign. Therefore no valid conversion could be performed.

Example 5:
Input: “-91283472332”
Output: -2147483648
Explanation: The number “-91283472332” is out of the range of a 32-bit signed integer.
Thefore INT_MIN (−231) is returned.
题意： 给出一个字符串，要求将字符串中的数转为整数，如果该字符串以空白字符开头，则需要忽略空白字符，直到遇到数字字符或者“+”，“-”号字符，且符号字符后面必须为数字字符，才可以保留，如果是以除“+”“-”或者数字符号外的其它字符开头，则直接返回0，尽可能的转化更多的数字字符，若数字字符后续有其它非数字字符，则停止转换，后续字符直接忽略。注意转换为整数后的数值范围不能超过INT类型的数值范围。
思路： 注意观察到所有的可能情况，比如：

输入：” “；”+=-“；”—212323";"233-123";“hello 233”；"-1233    233wee";
输出：0；0；-212323；233；0；-1233

代码仅供参考：

class Solution(object):
    def myAtoi(self, str):
        """
        :type str: str
        :rtype: int
        """
        INT_MIN = -2**31
        INT_MAX = 2**31 - 1
        atoi = '0'
        n = len(str)
        if n == 0:
            return 0
        else:
            for i in range(n):
                if str[i] == " ":
                    continue
                else:
                    break
            for j in range(i, n):
                if str[j] == "+" or str[j] == "-" :
                    if j+1 < n and str[j+1].isdigit():
                        atoi = str[j]
                    else:
                        return 0
                else:
                    break
            for k in range(j, n):
                if str[k].isdigit():
                    atoi += str[k]
                else:
                    break
        atoi = int(atoi)
        if atoi >= INT_MAX:
            return INT_MAX
        elif atoi <= INT_MIN:
            return INT_MIN
        else:
            return atoi