最近公司需要搭建一个搜索引擎,于是就发现了apache旗下的这个nutch,也看了不少的文章,就在本地搭建了一个进行测试,发现局域网抓取还是比较好的,但是在互联网抓取还是有点问题,像百度、谷歌这些站点的页面基本就抓不到上信息.
nutch搜索引擎的搭建以及配置
实验环境:
vmware 6.0
redhat 5.1
软件环境
apache-tomcat-6.0.29.tar.gz
nutch-1.0.tar.gz
jdk-6u21-linux-i586.bin
nutchg简介
Nutch的爬虫抓取网页有两种方式，一种方式是Intranet Crawling，针对的是企业内部网或少量网站，使用的是crawl命令；另一种方式是Whole-web crawling，针对的是整个互联网，使用inject、generate、fetch和updatedb等更底层的命令.本文档介绍Intranet Crawling的基本使用方法.
安装jdk
# cp jdk-6u21-linux-i586.bin /usr/java
# cd /usr/java
# chmod +x jdk-6u21-linux-i586.bin
# ./ jdk-6u21-linux-i586
# vi /etc/profile //添加如下的java环境变量
JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.6.0_21
export JAVA_HOME
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export PATH
CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar:$CLASSPATH
export CLASSPATH
# source /etc/profile //让java环境变量立即生效
# java -version //测试java环境是否正常,返回版本信息,就表示jdk安装没有问题
安装tomcat
# tar zxvf apache-tomcat-6.0.29.tar.gz -C /usr/local
# cd /usr/local/
# mv apache-tomcat-6.0.29 tomcat
安装nutch
# tar zxvf nutch-1.0.tar.gz -C /usr/local
# cd /usr/local
# mv nutch-1.0 nutch
# cd nutch
设置Nutch的环境变量
增加NUTCH_JAVA_HOME变量，并将其值设为JDK的安装目录
NUTCH_JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.6.0_21
export NUTCH_JAVA_HOME
Nutch抓取网站页面前的准备工作
在Nutch的安装目录中建立一个名为url.txt的文本文件,文件中写入要抓取网站的顶级网址，即要抓取的起始页.
这里写入国内比较有名的站点
编辑conf/crawl-urlfilter.txt文件，修改MY.DOMAIN.NAME部分:
# accept hosts in MY.DOMAIN.NAME
+^http://([a-z0-9]*\.)*com/
+^http://([a-z0-9]*\.)*cn/
+^http://([a-z0-9]*\.)*net/
解决搜索动态内容的问题
需要注意在conf下面的2个文件：regex-urlfilter.txt，crawl-urlfilter.txt
# skip URLs containing certain characters as probable queries, etc.
-[?*!@=]
这段意思是跳过在连接中存在? * ! @ = 的页面，因为默认是跳过所以,在动态页中存在?一般
按照默认的是不能抓取到的.可以在上面2个文件中都修改成：
# skip URLs containing certain characters as probable queries, etc.
# -[?*!@=] //前面加上注释.
另外增加允许的一行
# accept URLs containing certain characters as probable queries, etc.
+[?=&]
意思是抓取时候允许抓取连接中带 ? = & 这三个符号的连接
注意：两个文件都需要修改，因为NUTCH加载规则的顺序是crawl-urlfilter.txt->
regex-urlfilter.txt
编辑conf/nutch-site.xml文件,在configuration中间加入一下内容
<property>
<name>http.agent.name</name>
<value>sxit nutch agent</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>http.agent.version</name>
<value>1.0</value>
</property>
运行Crawl命令抓取网站内容
/usr/local/nutch/bin/nutch crawl /usr/local/nutch/url.txt -dir /usr/local/nutch/sxit -depth 3 -threads 4 >& /usr/loca/nutch/crawl.log
等待大约一段时间后,程序运行结束.会发现在nutch目录下被创建了一个名为sxit的文件夹,同时还生成一个名为crawl.log的日志文件.利用这一日志文件,我们可以分析可能遇到的任何错误.另外,在上述命令的参数中,dir指定抓取内容所存放的目录,depth表示以要抓取网站顶级网址为起点的爬行深度,threads指定并发的线程数.
使用Tomcat进行搜索测试
将nutch目录的nutch-1.0.war复制到tomcat\webapps下,这里需要启动下tomcat,然后就在webapps下面生成一个nutch-1.0的文件夹,打开 nutch-1.0\WEB-INF\classes下的nutch-site.xml文件,
//由于这里是最新的版本,原来这个配置文件的内容都删掉,添加如下的内容
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="nutch-conf.xsl"?>
<!-- Put site-specific property overrides in this file. -->
<nutch-conf>
<property>
<name>searcher.dir</name>
<value>/usr/local/nutch/sxit</value> //这里为刚才抓取内容所存放的目录
</property>
</nutch-conf>
启动Tomcat，打开浏览器在地址栏中输入：http://IP:8080,/nutch-1.0,就可以看到搜索页面了.、
在文本框中输入关键字,就可以进行搜索了.不过用户在使用时会发现，对于英文单词的搜索一切正常,而当要搜索中文词语时会出现乱码.其实这个问题是Tomcat设置的问题,解决办法是修改tomcat\conf下的server.xml文件，将其中的Connector部分改成如下形式即可：
<Connector port="8080" maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="25" maxSpareThreads="75"
enableLookups="false" redirectPort="8443" acceptCount="100"
connectionTimeout="20000" disableUploadTimeout="true"
URIEncoding="UTF-8" useBodyEncodingForURI="true" />
nutch的分页功能
# cd /usr/local/apache-tomcat-6.0.29/ webapps/nutch-1.0
# vi search.jsp
查找int hitsPerSite 把=后面的值改成0,
然后在这个jsp文件的末尾增加如下的代码:
<table align="center">
<tr>
<td>
<%
if (start >= hitsPerPage) // more hits to show
{
%>
<form name="pre" action="../search.jsp" method="get">
<input type="hidden" name="query" value="<%=htmlQueryString%>">
<input type="hidden" name="lang" value="<%=queryLang%>">
<input type="hidden" name="start" value="<%=start - hitsPerPage%>">
<input type="hidden" name="hitsPerPage" value="<%=hitsPerPage%>">
<input type="hidden" name="hitsPerSite" value="<%=hitsPerSite%>">
<input type="hidden" name="clustering" value="<%=clustering%>">
<input type="submit" value="上一页">
<%} %>
</form>
<%
int startnum=1;//页面中最前面的页码编号，我设定（满足）共10页，当页为第6页
if((int)(start/hitsPerPage)>=5)
startnum=(int)(start/hitsPerPage)-4;
for(int i=hitsPerPage*(startnum-1),j=0;i<=hits.getTotal()&&j<=10;)
{
%>
<td>
<form name="next" action="../search.jsp" method="get">
<input type="hidden" name="query" value="<%=htmlQueryString%>">
<input type="hidden" name="lang" value="<%=queryLang%>">
<input type="hidden" name="start" value="<%=i%>">
<input type="hidden" name="hitsPerPage" value="<%=hitsPerPage%>">
<input type="hidden" name="hitsPerSite" value="<%=hitsPerSite%>">
<input type="hidden" name="clustering" value="<%=clustering%>">
<input type="submit" value="<%=i/hitsPerPage+1 %>">
</form>
</td>
<%
i=i+10; //这里的10是分页显示页面数
j++;
}
%>
<td>
<%
if ((hits.totalIsExact() && end < hits.getTotal()) // more hits to show
|| (!hits.totalIsExact() && (hits.getLength() > start
+ hitsPerPage))) {
%>
<form name="next" action="../search.jsp" method="get">
<input type="hidden" name="query" value="<%=htmlQueryString%>">
<input type="hidden" name="lang" value="<%=queryLang%>">
<input type="hidden" name="start" value="<%=end%>">
<input type="hidden" name="hitsPerPage" value="<%=hitsPerPage%>">
<input type="hidden" name="hitsPerSite" value="<%=hitsPerSite%>">
<input type="hidden" name="clustering" value="<%=clustering%>">
<input type="submit" value="<i18n:message key="next"/>">//下一页
</form>
<%} %>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
由于每次都要进行增量抓取,就搞了一个增量抓取的脚本,代码如下:
#!/bin/sh
depth=5
threads=5
RMARGS="-rf"
MVARGS="--verbose"
safe=yes
NUTCH_HOME=/usr/local/nutch
CATALINA_HOME=/usr/local/apache-tomcat-6.0.29
if [ -z "$NUTCH_HOME" ]
then
echo runbot: $0 could not find environment variable NUTCH_HOME
echo runbot: NUTCH_HOME=$NUTCH_HOME has been set by the script
else
echo runbot: $0 found environment variable NUTCH_HOME=$NUTCH_HOME
fi
if [ -z "$CATALINA_HOME" ]
then
echo runbot: $0 could not find environment variable NUTCH_HOME
echo runbot: CATALINA_HOME=$CATALINA_HOME has been set by the script
else
echo runbot: $0 found environment variable CATALINA_HOME=$CATALINA_HOME
fi
if [ -n "$topN" ]
then
topN="-topN $topN"
else
topN=""
fi
steps=8
echo "----- Inject (Step 1 of $steps) -----"
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch inject $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/crawldb $NUTCH_HOME/url.txt
echo "----- Generate, Fetch, Parse, Update (Step 2 o $steps) -----"
for((i=0; i <= $depth; i++))
do
echo "--- Beginning crawl at depth `expr $i + 1` of $depth ---"
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch generate $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/crawldb $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/segments
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo "runbot: Stopping at depth $depth. No more URLs to fetcfh."
break
fi
segment=`ls -d $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/segments/* | tail -1`
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch fetch $segment -threads $threads
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo "runbot: fetch $segment at depth `expr $i + 1` failed."
echo "runbot: Deleting segment $segment."
rm $RMARGS $segment
continue
fi
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch updatedb $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/crawldb $segment
done
echo "----- Merge Segments (Step 3 of $steps) -----"
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch mergesegs $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/MERGEDsegments $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/segments/*
mv $MVARGS $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/segments $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/BACKUPsegments
mkdir $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/segments
mv $MVARGS $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/MERGEDsegments/* $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/segments
rm $RMARGS $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/MERGEDsegments
echo "----- Invert Links (Step 4 of $steps) -----"
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch invertlinks $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/linkdb $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/segments/*
echo "----- Index (Step 5 of $steps) -----"
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch index $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/NEWindexes $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/crawldb $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/linkdb $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/segments/*
echo "----- Dedup (Step 6 of $steps) -----"
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch dedup $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/NEWindexes
echo "----- Merge Indexes (Step 7 of $steps) -----"
$NUTCH_HOME/bin/nutch merge $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/NEWindex $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/NEWindexes
echo "----- Loading New Index (Step 8 of $steps) -----"
tom_pid=`ps aux |awk '/usr\/local\/apache-tomcat-6.0.29/ {print $2}'`
`kill -9 $tom_pid`
if [ "$safe" != "yes" ]
then
rm $RMARGS $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/NEWindexes
rm $RMARGS $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/index
else
mv $MVARGS $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/NEWindexes $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/indexes
mv $MVARGS $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/NEWindex $NUTCH_HOME/sxit/index
fi
${CATALINA_HOME}/bin/startup.sh
echo "runbot: FINISHED: Crawl completed!"
echo ""
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