refresh rates - 刷新率

refresh rates - 刷新率

刷新率是电子束对屏幕上的图像重复扫描的次数，或屏幕上画面每秒被刷新的次数。刷新率越高，显示的图像 (画面) 稳定性越好。

A refresh rate is dependent upon a monitor’s horizontal scanning frequency and the number of horizontal lines displayed. The horizontal scanning frequency is the number of times the electron beam sweeps one line and returns to the beginning of the next in one second. Horizontal scanning frequency is measured in kilohertz (kHz).
刷新率取决于显示器的水平扫描频率和显示的水平线数。水平扫描频率是电子束扫过一条线并在一秒钟内返回到下一条线的起点的次数。水平扫描频率以千赫兹 (kHz) 为单位。

垂直分辨率是显示器垂直方向上可显示的像素数目。
水平分辨率是显示器水平方向上可显示的像素数目。

vertical scan frequency = refresh rate

beam [biːm]：n. 梁，光线，平衡木，(电波的) 波束 v. 照射，发光，笑容满面，眉开眼笑

在观看电影时我们看到的是一副一副静止的画面，为什么感觉画面在动？因为人的眼睛有视觉停留效应，前一副画面留在大脑中的印象还没消失，紧接着后一副画面就跟上来了，而且两副画面间的差别很小，一个动作要用很多副画面来显示，这样我们就感觉画面在动了。一副一副的更换画面，就是在刷新。

A monitor with a horizontal scanning frequency of 110 kHz means 110,000 lines are scanned per second. The number of horizontal lines on the screen depends upon the monitor’s resolution. If a monitor is set to a resolution of 1024 x 768 (W x H) then there are 768 horizontal lines (1024 is the number of pixels on one line).
水平扫描频率为 110 kHz 的显示器表示每秒扫描 110000 条线。屏幕上水平线的数量取决于显示器的分辨率。如果将显示器的分辨率设置为 1024 x 768 (W x H)，则会有 768 条水平线 (1024 是一行上的像素数)。

For a monitor set to a 1280 x 1024 (W x H) resolution, there are 1024 horizontal lines. Additionally, the time it takes for the electron beam to return to the top of the screen and begin scanning again must be taken into account. This is roughly 5% of the time it takes to scan the entire screen. Therefore, the total is multiplied by 0.95 to calculate the maximum refresh rate.
对于设置为 1280 x 1024 (W x H) 分辨率的显示器，有 1024 条水平线。此外，必须考虑到电子束返回到屏幕顶部并再次开始扫描所花费的时间。这大约是扫描整个屏幕所需时间的 5%。因此，将总数乘以 0.95 可计算出最大刷新率。

刷新率分为垂直刷新率和水平刷新率，一般提到的刷新率通常指垂直刷新率。垂直刷新率表示屏幕的图像每秒钟重绘的次数，也就是每秒钟屏幕刷新的次数，以 Hz (赫兹) 为单位。刷新率越高，图像越稳定，图像显示越自然清晰，对眼睛的影响也越小。刷新频率越低，图像闪烁和抖动越厉害，眼睛疲劳得越快。一般来说，能达到 80Hz 以上的刷新频率就可完全消除图像闪烁和抖动感，眼睛也不会太容易疲劳。

行频 (Horizontal Scanning Frequency，水平扫描频率) 是指每秒在屏幕上从左到右扫描的行数，单位是 kHz。如果行频为 110kHz，表示每秒扫描 110000 行。

场频 (Vertical Scanning Frequency，垂直扫描频率) 是指每秒钟屏幕刷新的次数，单位是 Hz。阴极射线管显示器 (CRT) 中，电子是从左到右，从上到下逐行扫描。扫描完一列就相当于扫描完整个屏幕，即刷新整个屏幕，称为刷新率。

1. Calculate maximum refresh rates

The following formula is used to calculate maximum refresh rates

fV = fH / # of horizontal lines x 0.95
fV = vertical scanning frequency (refresh rate)
fH = horizontal scanning frequency

周期 (s) = (1 / fH) x H + (1 / fH) x H x 0.05 = H / fH x 1.05 = 1.05 x H / fH
频率 (Hz) = 1 / (1.05 x H / fH) = fH / (1.05 x H) = fH / H x (1 / 1.05) = fH / H x 0.95238

A monitor with a horizontal scanning frequency of 96 kHz at a resolution of 1280 x 1024 would have the following refresh rate based on the calculation above.
fV = 96,000 / 1024 x 0.95
fV = 89.06
This figure is rounded down to produce a maximum refresh rate of 89Hz.

If the same monitor is set to a resolution of 1600 x 1200, then the equation will be as follows:
fV = 96,000 / 1200 x 0.95
fV = 76
The maximum refresh rate at this resolution is 76 Hz.

2. Importance of Refresh Rates

When choosing a monitor, one of the factors that the customer usually considers is the refresh rate. A high refresh rate is important in providing a clear picture and avoiding eye fatigue.
选择显示器时，客户通常考虑的因素之一是刷新率。高刷新率对于提供清晰的图像并避免眼睛疲劳非常重要。

An image appears on screen when electron beams strike the surface of the screen in a zig-zag pattern. A refresh rate is the number of times a screen is redrawn in one second and is measured in Hertz (Hz). Therefore, a monitor with a refresh rate of 85 Hz is redrawn 85 times per second.
当电子束以锯齿形的方式撞击屏幕表面时，屏幕上会出现图像。刷新率是屏幕在一秒钟内重新绘制的次数，并以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位进行测量。因此，刷新速率为 85 Hz 的显示器每秒重绘 85 次。

A monitor should be "flicker-free meaning that the image is redrawn quickly enough so that the user cannot detect flicker, a source of eye strain. Today, a refresh rate of 75 Hz or above is considered to be flicker-free.
显示器应无闪烁，这意味着要足够快地重绘图像，以使用户无法检测到闪烁，这是眼睛疲劳的根源。如今，75 Hz 或更高的刷新率被认为是无闪烁的。

液晶显示器 (LCD) 与阴极射线管显示器 (CRT) 的发光原理不一样。液晶显示器每一个点在收到信号后就一直保持那种色彩和亮度，恒定发光，而不像阴极射线管显示器 (CRT) 那样需要不断刷新亮点。液晶显示器画质高而且不会闪烁，把眼睛疲劳降到了最低。刷新率对 CRT 的意义比较突出。

cathode ray tube，CRT：阴极射线显像管
liquid crystal display，LCD：液晶显示器
flicker [ˈflɪkə(r)]：v. 闪烁，摇曳，颤动，闪现 n. 闪烁，(身体部位的) 小而快的动作，一闪而过

References

http://ecomputernotes.com/computer-graphics/graphics-device/how-are-refresh-rates-calculated-and-what-is-the-importance-of-refresh-rates