Semantic Web Technologies: RDFS Inference

The purpose of this lab is to build an RDFS inference engine using a rule system.

Introduction

RDFS reasoning can be realized by a set of rules (See Figure 1). Therefore, RFDS reasoning can be implemented using a rule engine. Each RDF triple xxx yyy zzz . can be modeled as a (Datalog) fact.

triple(xxx, yyy, zzz)

The entailment patterns can be modeled as Datalog rules. For instance, entailment pattern rdfs2 said that

If S contains triples “aaa rdfs:domain xxx .” and “yyy aaa zzz .”, then S RDFS entails the triple “yyy rdf:type xxx .”

It can be captured by the following Datalog rule

triple(Y, "rdf:type", X) :- triple(A, "rdfs:domain", X),
                            triple(Y, A, Z).

Together with the the following facts

triple(":hasTripAdvisorRating", "rdfs:domain", ":TourismObject").
triple("i:ChickenHut", ":hasTripAdvisorRating", "3.5") .

We can compute all the entailed triples using a Datalog engine like DLV.

$ ~/bin/dlv rdfs-2-example.dlv
DLV [build BEN+ODBC/Dec 17 2012 gcc 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)]

{ triple(":hasTripAdvisorRating","rdfs:domain",":TourismObject"),
  triple("i:ChickenHut","rdf:type",":TourismObject"),
  triple("i:ChickenHut",":hasTripAdvisorRating","3.5") }

　　　　　　　　　　　　　Figure 1: RFDS Entailment Patterns

Tasks

• Convert the tourism RDFS ontology into a Datalog file (“tourism.dlv”).

  tourism-rdfs.ttl

  @prefix : <http://example.org/term/> .
  @prefix i: <http://example.org/inst/> .
  @prefix rdf:    <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
  @prefix rdfs:   <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
  @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
  
  :Museum rdfs:subClassOf :TourismAttraction .
  :ArtMeseum rdfs:subClassOf :Museum .
  :ModernArtMuseum rdfs:subClassOf :ArtMeseum .
  :Landmark rdfs:subClassOf :TourismAttraction .
  :OutdoorSpot rdfs:subClassOf :TourismAttraction .
  :AmusementPark rdfs:subClassOf :TourismAttraction .
  :Restaurant rdfs:subClassOf :TourismObject .
  :Hotel rdfs:subClassOf :TourismObject .
  :TourismAttraction rdfs:subClassOf :TourismObject .
  
  :hasTripAdvisorRating rdfs:domain :TourismObject .
  :hasTripAdvisorRating rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasRating .
  
  
  i:Museion rdf:type :ModernArtMuseum .
  The TripAdvisor rating of Chicken Hut is 3.5.
  i:ChickenHut :hasTripAdvisorRating "3.5"^^xsd:decimal .

  tourism.dlv

  triple(":Museum", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismAttraction") .
  triple(":ArtMeseum", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":Museum") .
  triple(":ModernArtMuseum", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":ArtMeseum") .
  triple(":Landmark", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismAttraction") .
  triple(":OutdoorSpot", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismAttraction") .
  triple(":AmusementPark", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismAttraction") .
  triple(":Restaurant", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismObject") .
  triple(":Hotel", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismObject") .
  triple(":TourismAttraction", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismObject") .
  triple(":hasTripAdvisorRating", "rdfs:domain", ":TourismObject") .
  triple(":hasTripAdvisorRating", "rdfs:subPropertyOf", ":hasRating") .
  triple("i:Museion", "rdf:type", ":ModernArtMuseum") .
  triple("i:ChickenHut", ":hasTripAdvisorRating", "3.5^^xsd:decimal") .
  

• Implement rdfs2, rdfs3, rdfs5, rdfs7, rdfs9, rdfs11 in Datalog (“rdfs.dlv”)

  rdfs.dlv

  % RDFS2
  triple(Y, "rdf:type", X) :- triple(A, "rdfs:domain", X),
                              triple(Y, A, Z).
  % RDFS3
  triple(Z, "rdf:type", X) :- triple(A, "rdfs:range", X),
                              triple(Y, A, Z).
  % RDFS5
  triple(X, "rdfs:subPropertyOf", Z) :- triple(X, "rdfs:subPropertyOf", Y),
                                        triple(Y, "rdfs:subPropertyOf", Z).
  % RDFS7
  triple(X, B, Y) :- triple(A, "rdfs:subPropertyOf", B),
                     triple(X, A, Y).
  % RDFS9
  triple(Z, "rdf:type", Y) :- triple(X, "rdfs:subClassOf", Y),
                              triple(Z, "rdf:type", X).
  % RDFS11
  triple(X, "rdfs:subClassOf", Z) :- triple(X, "rdfs:subClassOf", Y),
                                     triple(Y, "rdfs:subClassOf", Z).

• Test“tourism.dlv”and“rdfs.dlv”using DLV to check whether we can get all expected entailed triples.

  dlv.mingw tourism.dlv

  

  We can see that the output is the same as its original data.

  {triple(":Museum","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":TourismAttraction","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":ArtMeseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":Museum"), 
  triple(":ModernArtMuseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":ArtMeseum"), 
  triple(":Landmark","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":OutdoorSpot","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":AmusementPark","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":Restaurant","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":Hotel","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":hasTripAdvisorRating","rdfs:domain",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":hasTripAdvisorRating","rdfs:subPropertyOf",":hasRating"), 
  triple("i:Museion","rdf:type",":ModernArtMuseum"), 
  triple("i:ChickenHut",":hasTripAdvisorRating","3.5^^xsd:decimal")}

  dlv.mingw tourism.dlv rdfs.dlv

  

  Now we can see that we successfully get all the entailed triples using DLV.

  {triple(":Museum","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":Museum","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":TourismAttraction","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":ArtMeseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":Museum"), 
  triple(":ArtMeseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":ArtMeseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":ModernArtMuseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":Museum"), 
  triple(":ModernArtMuseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":ModernArtMuseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":ArtMeseum"), 
  triple(":ModernArtMuseum","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":Landmark","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":Landmark","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":OutdoorSpot","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":OutdoorSpot","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":AmusementPark","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple(":AmusementPark","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":Restaurant","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":Hotel","rdfs:subClassOf",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":hasTripAdvisorRating","rdfs:domain",":TourismObject"), 
  triple(":hasTripAdvisorRating","rdfs:subPropertyOf",":hasRating"), 
  triple("i:Museion","rdf:type",":Museum"), 
  triple("i:Museion","rdf:type",":TourismAttraction"), 
  triple("i:Museion","rdf:type",":ArtMeseum"), 
  triple("i:Museion","rdf:type",":ModernArtMuseum"), 
  triple("i:Museion","rdf:type",":TourismObject"), 
  triple("i:ChickenHut",":hasTripAdvisorRating","3.5^^xsd:decimal"), 
  triple("i:ChickenHut",":hasRating","3.5^^xsd:decimal"), 
  triple("i:ChickenHut","rdf:type",":TourismObject")}

Analyzation

triple(":Museum", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismAttraction") .
triple(":TourismAttraction", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismObject") .

According to RDFS11 rule

triple(X, "rdfs:subClassOf", Z) :- triple(X, "rdfs:subClassOf", Y),
                                   triple(Y, "rdfs:subClassOf", Z).

here X $\Rightarrow$ “:Museum”, Y $\Rightarrow$ “:TourismAttraction” and Z $\Rightarrow$ “:TourismObject”. So we can know that

 triple(":Museum", "rdfs:subClassOf", ":TourismObject") .