Python标准库之数据抓取模块urllib

urllib是Python内置的HTTP请求库,它包含四个子模块:

  1. request模块,它是最基本的 HTTP 请求模块,我们可以用它来模拟发送一请求,就像在浏览器里输入网址然后敲击回车一样,只需要给库方法传入 URL 还有额外的参数,就可以模拟实现这个过程了。
  2. error模块即异常处理模块,如果出现请求错误,我们可以捕获这些异常,然后进行重试或其他操作保证程序不会意外终止。
  3. parse模块是一个工具模块,提供了许多 URL 处理方法,比如拆分、解析、合并等等的方法。
  4. robotparser模块,主要是用来识别网站的 robots.txt 文件,然后判断哪些网站可以爬,哪些网站不可以爬的,其实用的比较少。
    request模块

urllib.request 模块提供了最基本的构造 HTTP 请求的方法,利用它可以模拟浏览器的一个请求发起过程,同时它还带有处理authenticaton(授权验证),redirections(重定向),cookies(浏览器Cookies)以及其它内容的功能 实现一个简单的抓取网页功能,以python官网为例。

import urllib.request

response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.python.org')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))  # 将网页内容打印输出

运行结果如下:

<!doctype html>
<!--[if lt IE 7]>   <html class="no-js ie6 lt-ie7 lt-ie8 lt-ie9">   <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7]>      <html class="no-js ie7 lt-ie8 lt-ie9">          <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]>      <html class="no-js ie8 lt-ie9">                 <![endif]-->
<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--><html class="no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr">  <!--<![endif]-->

<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">

    <link rel="prefetch" href="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.2/jquery.min.js">
... ...
文件: import scrapy from demo1.items import Demo1Item import urllib from scrapy import log # BOSS直聘网站爬虫职位 class DemoSpider(scrapy.Spider): # 爬虫名, 启动爬虫时需要的参数*必填 name = 'demo' # 爬取域范围,允许爬虫在这个域名下进行爬取(可选) allowed_domains = ['zhipin.com'] # 爬虫需要的url start_urls = ['https://www.zhipin.com/c101280600/h_101280600/?query=测试'] def parse(self, response): node_list = response.xpath("//div[@class='job-primary']") # 用来存储所有的item字段 # items = [] for node in node_list: item = Demo1Item() # extract() 将xpath对象转换为Unicode字符串 href = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-primary']//a/@href").extract() job_title = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-primary']//a/div[@class='job-title']/text()").extract() salary = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-primary']//a/span/text()").extract() working_place = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-primary']/p/text()").extract() company_name = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-company']//a/text()").extract() item['href'] = href[0] item['job_title'] = job_title[0] item['sa 报错: C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\python.exe "C:\Users\xieqianyun\PyCharm Community Edition 2019.2.5\helpers\pydev\pydevconsole.py" --mode=client --port=55825 import sys; print('Python %s on %s' % (sys.version, sys.platform)) sys.path.extend(['C:\\Users\\xieqianyun\\demo1', 'C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1']) Python 3.6.5 (v3.6.5:f59c0932b4, Mar 28 2018, 17:00:18) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information IPython 7.10.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help. PyDev console: using IPython 7.10.0 Python 3.6.5 (v3.6.5:f59c0932b4, Mar 28 2018, 17:00:18) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 runfile('C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1/begin.py', wdir='C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1') Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 3319, in run_code exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns) File "<ipython-input-2-fc5979762143>", line 1, in <module> runfile('C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1/begin.py', wdir='C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1') File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\PyCharm Community Edition 2019.2.5\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_umd.py", line 197, in runfile pydev_imports.execfile(filename, global_vars, local_vars) # execute the script File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\PyCharm Community Edition 2019.2.5\helpers\pydev\_pydev_imps\_pydev_execfile.py", line 18, in execfile exec(compile(contents+"\n", file, 'exec'), glob, loc) File "C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1/begin.py", line 3, in <module> cmdline.execute('scrapy crawl demo'.split()) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\cmdline.py", line 145, in execute cmd.crawler_process = CrawlerProcess(settings) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\crawler.py", line 267, in __init__ super(CrawlerProcess, self).__init__(settings) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\crawler.py", line 145, in __init__ self.spider_loader = _get_spider_loader(settings) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\crawler.py", line 347, in _get_spider_loader return loader_cls.from_settings(settings.frozencopy()) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spiderloader.py", line 61, in from_settings return cls(settings) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spiderloader.py", line 25, in __init__ self._load_all_spiders() File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spiderloader.py", line 47, in _load_all_spiders for module in walk_modules(name): File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\utils\misc.py", line 73, in walk_modules submod = import_module(fullpath) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\importlib\__init__.py", line 126, in import_module return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level) File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 994, in _gcd_import File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 971, in _find_and_load File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 955, in _find_and_load_unlocked File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 665, in _load_unlocked File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 678, in exec_module File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 219, in _call_with_frames_removed File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\demo1\demo1\spiders\demo.py", line 4, in <module> from scrapy import log ImportError: cannot import name 'log'
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