>>> import numpy as np
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> df = pd.read_csv('data/table.csv',index_col='ID')
>>> df.head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
一、单级索引
1. loc方法、iloc方法、[]操作符
最常用的索引方法可能就是这三类,其中iloc
表示位置索引,loc
表示标签索引,[]
也具有很大的便利性,各有特点
(a)loc方法
① 单行索引:
>>> df.loc[1103]
School S_1
Class C_1
Gender M
Address street_2
Height 186
Weight 82
Math 87.2
Physics B+
Name: 1103, dtype: object
② 多行索引:
>>> df.loc[[1102,2304]]
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
2304 S_2 C_3 F street_6 164 81 95.5 A-
(注意:所有在loc
中使用的切片全部包含右端点!这是因为如果作为Pandas的使用者,那么肯定不太关心最后一个标签再往后一位是什么,但是如果是左闭右开,那么就很麻烦,先要知道再后面一列的名字是什么,非常不方便,因此Pandas中将loc
设计为左右全闭)
>>> df.loc[1304:2103].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1304 S_1 C_3 M street_2 195 70 85.2 A
1305 S_1 C_3 F street_5 187 69 61.7 B-
2101 S_2 C_1 M street_7 174 84 83.3 C
2102 S_2 C_1 F street_6 161 61 50.6 B+
2103 S_2 C_1 M street_4 157 61 52.5 B-
>>> df.loc[2402::-1].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
2402 S_2 C_4 M street_7 166 82 48.7 B
2401 S_2 C_4 F street_2 192 62 45.3 A
2305 S_2 C_3 M street_4 187 73 48.9 B
2304 S_2 C_3 F street_6 164 81 95.5 A-
2303 S_2 C_3 F street_7 190 99 65.9 C
③ 单列索引:
>>> df.loc[:,'Height'].head()
ID
1101 173
1102 192
1103 186
1104 167
1105 159
Name: Height, dtype: int64
④ 多列索引:
>>> df.loc[:,['Height','Math']].head()
Height Math
ID
1101 173 34.0
1102 192 32.5
1103 186 87.2
1104 167 80.4
1105 159 84.8
>>> df.loc[:,'Height':'Math'].head()
Height Weight Math
ID
1101 173 63 34.0
1102 192 73 32.5
1103 186 82 87.2
1104 167 81 80.4
1105 159 64 84.8
⑤ 联合索引:
>>> df.loc[1102:2401:3,'Height':'Math'].head()
Height Weight Math
ID
1102 192 73 32.5
1105 159 64 84.8
1203 160 53 58.8
1301 161 68 31.5
1304 195 70 85.2
⑥ 函数式索引:
>>> df.loc[lambda x:x['Gender']=='M'].head()
>>> #loc中使用的函数,传入参数就是前面的df
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1201 S_1 C_2 M street_5 188 68 97.0 A-
1203 S_1 C_2 M street_6 160 53 58.8 A+
1301 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161 68 31.5 B+
#这里的例子表示,loc中能够传入函数,并且函数的输入值是整张表,输出为标量、切片、合法列表(元素出现在索引中)、合法索引
>>> def f(x):
return [1101,1103]
>>> df.loc[f]
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
⑦ 布尔索引(将重点在第2节介绍)
>>> df.loc[df['Address'].isin(['street_7','street_4'])].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
1202 S_1 C_2 F street_4 176 94 63.5 B-
1301 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161 68 31.5 B+
1303 S_1 C_3 M street_7 188 82 49.7 B
2101 S_2 C_1 M street_7 174 84 83.3 C
>>> df.loc[[True if i[-1]=='4' or i[-1]=='7' else False for i in df['Address'].values]].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
1202 S_1 C_2 F street_4 176 94 63.5 B-
1301 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161 68 31.5 B+
1303 S_1 C_3 M street_7 188 82 49.7 B
2101 S_2 C_1 M street_7 174 84 83.3 C
小节:本质上说,loc
中能传入的只有布尔列表和索引子集构成的列表,只要把握这个原则就很容易理解上面那些操作
(b)iloc方法(注意与loc不同,切片右端点不包含)
① 单行索引:
>>> df.iloc[3]
School S_1
Class C_1
Gender F
Address street_2
Height 167
Weight 81
Math 80.4
Physics B-
Name: 1104, dtype: object
② 多行索引:
>>> df.iloc[3:5]
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
③ 单列索引:
>>> df.iloc[:,3].head()
ID
1101 street_1
1102 street_2
1103 street_2
1104 street_2
1105 street_4
Name: Address, dtype: object
④ 多列索引:
>>> df.iloc[:,7::-2].head()
Physics Weight Address Class
ID
1101 A+ 63 street_1 C_1
1102 B+ 73 street_2 C_1
1103 B+ 82 street_2 C_1
1104 B- 81 street_2 C_1
1105 B+ 64 street_4 C_1
⑤ 混合索引:
>>> df.iloc[3::4,7::-2].head()
Physics Weight Address Class
ID
1104 B- 81 street_2 C_1
1203 A+ 53 street_6 C_2
1302 A- 57 street_1 C_3
2101 C 84 street_7 C_1
2105 A 81 street_4 C_1
⑥ 函数式索引:
>>> df.iloc[lambda x:[3]].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
小节:iloc
中接收的参数只能为整数或整数列表或布尔列表,不能使用布尔Series
,如果要用就必须如下把values
拿出来
>>> #df.iloc[df['School']=='S_1'].head() #报错
>>> df.iloc[(df['School']=='S_1').values].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
(c) []操作符
(c.1)Series的[]操作
① 单元素索引:
>>> s = pd.Series(df['Math'],index=df.index)
>>> s[1101]
>>> #使用的是索引标签
34.0
② 多行索引:
>>> s[0:4]
>>> #使用的是绝对位置的整数切片,与元素无关,这里容易混淆
ID
1101 34.0
1102 32.5
1103 87.2
1104 80.4
Name: Math, dtype: float64
③ 函数式索引:
>>> s[lambda x: x.index[16::-6]]
>>> #注意使用lambda函数时,直接切片(如:s[lambda x: 16::-6])就报错,此时使用的不是绝对位置切片,而是元素切片,非常易错
ID
2102 50.6
1301 31.5
1105 84.8
Name: Math, dtype: float64
④ 布尔索引:
>>> s[s>80]
ID
1103 87.2
1104 80.4
1105 84.8
1201 97.0
1302 87.7
1304 85.2
2101 83.3
2205 85.4
2304 95.5
Name: Math, dtype: float64
【注意】如果不想陷入困境,请不要在行索引为浮点时使用[]
操作符,因为在Series
中[]
的浮点切片并不是进行位置比较,而是值比较,非常特殊
>>> s_int = pd.Series([1,2,3,4],index=[1,3,5,6])
>>> s_float = pd.Series([1,2,3,4],index=[1.,3.,5.,6.])
>>> s_int
1 1
3 2
5 3
6 4
dtype: int64
>>> s_int[2:]
5 3
6 4
dtype: int64
>>> s_float
1.0 1
3.0 2
5.0 3
6.0 4
dtype: int64
>>> #注意和s_int[2:]结果不一样了,因为2这里是元素而不是位置
>>> s_float[2:]
3.0 2
5.0 3
6.0 4
dtype: int64
(c.2)DataFrame的[]操作
① 单行索引:
>>> df[1:2]
>>> #这里非常容易写成df['label'],会报错
>>> #同Series使用了绝对位置切片
>>> #如果想要获得某一个元素,可用如下get_loc方法:
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
>>> row = df.index.get_loc(1102)
>>> df[row:row+1]
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
② 多行索引:
#用切片,如果是选取指定的某几行,推荐使用loc,否则很可能报错
>>> df[3:5]
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
③ 单列索引:
>>> df['School'].head()
ID
1101 S_1
1102 S_1
1103 S_1
1104 S_1
1105 S_1
Name: School, dtype: object
④ 多列索引:
>>> df[['School','Math']].head()
School Math
ID
1101 S_1 34.0
1102 S_1 32.5
1103 S_1 87.2
1104 S_1 80.4
1105 S_1 84.8
⑤函数式索引:
>>> df[lambda x:['Math','Physics']].head()
Math Physics
ID
1101 34.0 A+
1102 32.5 B+
1103 87.2 B+
1104 80.4 B-
1105 84.8 B+
⑥ 布尔索引:
>>> df[df['Gender']=='F'].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
1202 S_1 C_2 F street_4 176 94 63.5 B-
1204 S_1 C_2 F street_5 162 63 33.8 B
小节:一般来说,[]
操作符常用于列选择或布尔选择,尽量避免行的选择
2. 布尔索引
(a)布尔符号:‘&’,‘|’,‘~’:分别代表和and,或or,取反not
>>> df[(df['Gender']=='F')&(df['Address']=='street_2')].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
2401 S_2 C_4 F street_2 192 62 45.3 A
2404 S_2 C_4 F street_2 160 84 67.7 B
>>> df[(df['Math']>85)|(df['Address']=='street_7')].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1201 S_1 C_2 M street_5 188 68 97.0 A-
1302 S_1 C_3 F street_1 175 57 87.7 A-
1303 S_1 C_3 M street_7 188 82 49.7 B
1304 S_1 C_3 M street_2 195 70 85.2 A
>>> df[~((df['Math']>75)|(df['Address']=='street_1'))].head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1202 S_1 C_2 F street_4 176 94 63.5 B-
1203 S_1 C_2 M street_6 160 53 58.8 A+
1204 S_1 C_2 F street_5 162 63 33.8 B
1205 S_1 C_2 F street_6 167 63 68.4 B-
loc
和[]
中相应位置都能使用布尔列表选择:
>>> df.loc[df['Math']>60,df.columns=='Physics'].head()
>>> #思考:为什么df.loc[df['Math']>60,(df[:8]['Address']=='street_6').values].head()得到和上述结果一样?values能去掉吗?
Physics
ID
1103 B+
1104 B-
1105 B+
1201 A-
1202 B-
(b) isin方法
>>> df[df['Address'].isin(['street_1','street_4'])&df['Physics'].isin(['A','A+'])]
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
2105 S_2 C_1 M street_4 170 81 34.2 A
2203 S_2 C_2 M street_4 155 91 73.8 A+
>>> #上面也可以用字典方式写:
>>> df[df[['Address','Physics']].isin({'Address':['street_1','street_4'],'Physics':['A','A+']}).all(1)]
>>> #all与&的思路是类似的,其中的1代表按照跨列方向判断是否全为True
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
2105 S_2 C_1 M street_4 170 81 34.2 A
2203 S_2 C_2 M street_4 155 91 73.8 A+
3. 快速标量索引
当只需要取一个元素时,at
和iat
方法能够提供更快的实现:
>>> df.at[1101,'School']
'S_1'
>>> df.loc[1101,'School']
'S_1'
>>> df.iat[0,0]
'S_1'
>>> df.iloc[0,0]
'S_1'
>>> #可尝试去掉注释对比时间
>>> #%timeit df.at[1101,'School']
>>> #%timeit df.loc[1101,'School']
>>> #%timeit df.iat[0,0]
>>> #%timeit df.iloc[0,0]
4. 区间索引
此处介绍并不是说只能在单级索引中使用区间索引,只是作为一种特殊类型的索引方式,在此处先行介绍
(a)利用interval_range方法
>>> pd.interval_range(start=0,end=5)
>>> #closed参数可选'left''right''both''neither',默认左开右闭
IntervalIndex([(0, 1], (1, 2], (2, 3], (3, 4], (4, 5]],
closed='right',
dtype='interval[int64]')
>>> pd.interval_range(start=0,periods=8,freq=5)
>>> #periods参数控制区间个数,freq控制步长
IntervalIndex([(0, 5], (5, 10], (10, 15], (15, 20], (20, 25], (25, 30], (30, 35], (35, 40]],
closed='right',
dtype='interval[int64]')
(b)利用cut将数值列转为区间为元素的分类变量,例如统计数学成绩的区间情况:
>>> math_interval = pd.cut(df['Math'],bins=[0,40,60,80,100])
>>> #注意,如果没有类型转换,此时并不是区间类型,而是category类型
>>> math_interval.head()
ID
1101 (0, 40]
1102 (0, 40]
1103 (80, 100]
1104 (80, 100]
1105 (80, 100]
Name: Math, dtype: category
Categories (4, interval[int64]): [(0, 40] < (40, 60] < (60, 80] < (80, 100]]
(c)区间索引的选取
>>> df_i = df.join(math_interval,rsuffix='_interval')[['Math','Math_interval']]\
.reset_index().set_index('Math_interval')
>>> df_i.head()
ID Math
Math_interval
(0, 40] 1101 34.0
(0, 40] 1102 32.5
(80, 100] 1103 87.2
(80, 100] 1104 80.4
(80, 100] 1105 84.8
>>> df_i.loc[65].head()
>>> #包含该值就会被选中
ID Math
Math_interval
(60, 80] 1202 63.5
(60, 80] 1205 68.4
(60, 80] 1305 61.7
(60, 80] 2104 72.2
(60, 80] 2202 68.5
>>> df_i.loc[[65,90]].head()
ID Math
Math_interval
(60, 80] 1202 63.5
(60, 80] 1205 68.4
(60, 80] 1305 61.7
(60, 80] 2104 72.2
(60, 80] 2202 68.5
如果想要选取某个区间,先要把分类变量转为区间变量,再使用overlap
方法:
>>> #df_i.loc[pd.Interval(70,75)].head() 报错
>>> df_i[df_i.index.astype('interval').overlaps(pd.Interval(70, 85))].head()
ID Math
Math_interval
(80, 100] 1103 87.2
(80, 100] 1104 80.4
(80, 100] 1105 84.8
(80, 100] 1201 97.0
(60, 80] 1202 63.5
二、多级索引
1. 创建多级索引
(a)通过from_tuple或from_arrays
① 直接创建元组
>>> tuples = [('A','a'),('A','b'),('B','a'),('B','b')]
>>> mul_index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=('Upper', 'Lower'))
>>> mul_index
MultiIndex([('A', 'a'),
('A', 'b'),
('B', 'a'),
('B', 'b')],
names=['Upper', 'Lower'])
>>> pd.DataFrame({'Score':['perfect','good','fair','bad']},index=mul_index)
Score
Upper Lower
A a perfect
b good
B a fair
b bad
② 利用zip创建元组
>>> L1 = list('AABB')
>>> L2 = list('abab')
>>> tuples = list(zip(L1,L2))
>>> mul_index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=('Upper', 'Lower'))
>>> pd.DataFrame({'Score':['perfect','good','fair','bad']},index=mul_index)
Score
Upper Lower
A a perfect
b good
B a fair
b bad
③ 通过Array创建
>>> arrays = [['A','a'],['A','b'],['B','a'],['B','b']]
>>> mul_index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(arrays, names=('Upper', 'Lower'))
>>> pd.DataFrame({'Score':['perfect','good','fair','bad']},index=mul_index)
Score
Upper Lower
A a perfect
b good
B a fair
b bad
>>> mul_index
>>> #由此看出内部自动转成元组
MultiIndex([('A', 'a'),
('A', 'b'),
('B', 'a'),
('B', 'b')],
names=['Upper', 'Lower'])
(b)通过from_product
>>> L1 = ['A','B']
>>> L2 = ['a','b']
>>> pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L1,L2],names=('Upper', 'Lower'))
>>> #两两相乘
MultiIndex([('A', 'a'),
('A', 'b'),
('B', 'a'),
('B', 'b')],
names=['Upper', 'Lower'])
(c)指定df中的列创建(set_index方法)
>>> df_using_mul = df.set_index(['Class','Address'])
>>> df_using_mul.head()
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Class Address
C_1 street_1 S_1 M 173 63 34.0 A+
street_2 S_1 F 192 73 32.5 B+
street_2 S_1 M 186 82 87.2 B+
street_2 S_1 F 167 81 80.4 B-
street_4 S_1 F 159 64 84.8 B+
2. 多层索引切片
>>> df_using_mul.head()
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Class Address
C_1 street_1 S_1 M 173 63 34.0 A+
street_2 S_1 F 192 73 32.5 B+
street_2 S_1 M 186 82 87.2 B+
street_2 S_1 F 167 81 80.4 B-
street_4 S_1 F 159 64 84.8 B+
(a)一般切片
>>> #df_using_mul.loc['C_2','street_5']
>>> #当索引不排序时,单个索引会报出性能警告
>>> #df_using_mul.index.is_lexsorted()
>>> #该函数检查是否排序
>>> df_using_mul.sort_index().loc['C_2','street_5']
>>> #df_using_mul.sort_index().index.is_lexsorted()
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Class Address
C_2 street_5 S_1 M 188 68 97.0 A-
street_5 S_1 F 162 63 33.8 B
street_5 S_2 M 193 100 39.1 B
>>> #df_using_mul.loc[('C_2','street_5'):] 报错
>>> #当不排序时,不能使用多层切片
>>> df_using_mul.sort_index().loc[('C_2','street_6'):('C_3','street_4')]
>>> #注意此处由于使用了loc,因此仍然包含右端点
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Class Address
C_2 street_6 S_1 M 160 53 58.8 A+
street_6 S_1 F 167 63 68.4 B-
street_7 S_2 F 194 77 68.5 B+
street_7 S_2 F 183 76 85.4 B
C_3 street_1 S_1 F 175 57 87.7 A-
street_2 S_1 M 195 70 85.2 A
street_4 S_1 M 161 68 31.5 B+
street_4 S_2 F 157 78 72.3 B+
street_4 S_2 M 187 73 48.9 B
>>> df_using_mul.sort_index().loc[('C_2','street_7'):'C_3'].head()
>>> #非元组也是合法的,表示选中该层所有元素
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Class Address
C_2 street_7 S_2 F 194 77 68.5 B+
street_7 S_2 F 183 76 85.4 B
C_3 street_1 S_1 F 175 57 87.7 A-
street_2 S_1 M 195 70 85.2 A
street_4 S_1 M 161 68 31.5 B+
(b)第一类特殊情况:由元组构成列表
>>> df_using_mul.sort_index().loc[[('C_2','street_7'),('C_3','street_2')]]
>>> #表示选出某几个元素,精确到最内层索引
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Class Address
C_2 street_7 S_2 F 194 77 68.5 B+
street_7 S_2 F 183 76 85.4 B
C_3 street_2 S_1 M 195 70 85.2 A
(c)第二类特殊情况:由列表构成元组
>>> df_using_mul.sort_index().loc[(['C_2','C_3'],['street_4','street_7']),:]
>>> #选出第一层在‘C_2’和'C_3'中且第二层在'street_4'和'street_7'中的行
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Class Address
C_2 street_4 S_1 F 176 94 63.5 B-
street_4 S_2 M 155 91 73.8 A+
street_7 S_2 F 194 77 68.5 B+
street_7 S_2 F 183 76 85.4 B
C_3 street_4 S_1 M 161 68 31.5 B+
street_4 S_2 F 157 78 72.3 B+
street_4 S_2 M 187 73 48.9 B
street_7 S_1 M 188 82 49.7 B
street_7 S_2 F 190 99 65.9 C
3. 多层索引中的slice对象
>>> L1,L2 = ['A','B','C'],['a','b','c']
>>> mul_index1 = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L1,L2],names=('Upper', 'Lower'))
>>> L3,L4 = ['D','E','F'],['d','e','f']
>>> mul_index2 = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L3,L4],names=('Big', 'Small'))
>>> df_s = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(9,9),index=mul_index1,columns=mul_index2)
>>> df_s
Big D E F
Small d e f d e f d e f
Upper Lower
A a 0.138404 0.755400 0.861702 0.540977 0.209592 0.528436 0.992099 0.258492 0.665842
b 0.016727 0.918201 0.005230. 0.920703. 0.284818 0.746384 0.833577 0.865584 0.492445
c 0.973899 0.295795 0.070411 0.542911 0.802148 0.705826 0.695886 0.266620 0.169622
B a 0.136199 0.127682 0.456423 0.323732 0.293247 0.805086 0.226015 0.741182 0.191226
b 0.688108 0.285718 0.674049 0.395258 0.814939 0.413188 0.308767 0.290622 0.500804
c 0.145298 0.970690 0.175698 0.079383 0.480480 0.674522 0.376210 0.360039 0.421905
C a 0.517342 0.261396 0.471768 0.483732 0.230302 0.126709 0.871482 0.601575 0.091868
b 0.506630 0.347414 0.144214 0.709386 0.228000 0.965529 0.473915 0.570749 0.408741
c 0.259413 0.282587 0.144029 0.585717 0.215044 0.811602 0.008216 0.074891 0.302157
>>> idx=pd.IndexSlice
索引Slice的使用非常灵活:
>>> df_s.loc[idx['B':,df_s['D']['d']>0.3],idx[df_s.sum()>4]]
>>> #df_s.sum()默认为对列求和,因此返回一个长度为9的数值列表
Big D E F
Small e d f d e
Upper Lower
B b 0.285718 0.395258 0.413188 0.308767 0.290622
C a 0.261396 0.483732 0.126709 0.871482 0.601575
b 0.347414 0.709386 0.965529 0.473915 0.570749
4. 索引层的交换
(a)swaplevel方法(两层交换)
>>> df_using_mul.head()
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Class Address
C_1 street_1 S_1 M 173 63 34.0 A+
street_2 S_1 F 192 73 32.5 B+
street_2 S_1 M 186 82 87.2 B+
street_2 S_1 F 167 81 80.4 B-
street_4 S_1 F 159 64 84.8 B+
>>> df_using_mul.swaplevel(i=1,j=0,axis=0).sort_index().head()
School Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Address Class
street_1 C_1 S_1 M 173 63 34.0 A+
C_2 S_2 M 175 74 47.2 B-
C_3 S_1 F 175 57 87.7 A-
street_2 C_1 S_1 F 192 73 32.5 B+
C_1 S_1 M 186 82 87.2 B+
(b)reorder_levels方法(多层交换)
>>> df_muls = df.set_index(['School','Class','Address'])
>>> df_muls.head()
Gender Height Weight Math Physics
School Class Address
S_1 C_1 street_1 M 173 63 34.0 A+
street_2 F 192 73 32.5 B+
street_2 M 186 82 87.2 B+
street_2 F 167 81 80.4 B-
street_4 F 159 64 84.8 B+
>>> df_muls.reorder_levels([2,0,1],axis=0).sort_index().head()
Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Address School Class
street_1 S_1 C_1 M 173 63 34.0 A+
C_3 F 175 57 87.7 A-
S_2 C_2 M 175 74 47.2 B-
street_2 S_1 C_1 F 192 73 32.5 B+
C_1 M 186 82 87.2 B+
>>> #如果索引有name,可以直接使用name
>>> df_muls.reorder_levels(['Address','School','Class'],axis=0).sort_index().head()
Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Address School Class
street_1 S_1 C_1 M 173 63 34.0 A+
C_3 F 175 57 87.7 A-
S_2 C_2 M 175 74 47.2 B-
street_2 S_1 C_1 F 192 73 32.5 B+
C_1 M 186 82 87.2 B+
三、索引设定
1. index_col参数
index_col
是read_csv
中的一个参数,而不是某一个方法:
>>> pd.read_csv('data/table.csv',index_col=['Address','School']).head()
Class ID Gender Height Weight Math Physics
Address School
street_1 S_1 C_1 1101 M 173 63 34.0 A+
street_2 S_1 C_1 1102 F 192 73 32.5 B+
S_1 C_1 1103 M 186 82 87.2 B+
S_1 C_1 1104 F 167 81 80.4 B-
street_4 S_1 C_1 1105 F 159 64 84.8 B+
2. reindex和reindex_like
reindex
是指重新索引,它的重要特性在于索引对齐,很多时候用于重新排序
>>> df.head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
>>> df.reindex(index=[1101,1203,1206,2402])
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173.0 63.0 34.0 A+
1203 S_1 C_2 M street_6 160.0 53.0 58.8 A+
1206 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
2402 S_2 C_4 M street_7 166.0 82.0 48.7 B
>>> df.reindex(columns=['Height','Gender','Average']).head()
Height Gender Average
ID
1101 173 M NaN
1102 192 F NaN
1103 186 M NaN
1104 167 F NaN
1105 159 F NaN
可以选择缺失值的填充方法:fill_value
和method
(bfill/ffill/nearest
),其中method
参数必须索引单调
>>> df.reindex(index=[1101,1203,1206,2402],method='bfill')
>>> #bfill表示用所在索引1206的后一个有效行填充,ffill为前一个有效行,nearest是指最近的
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1203 S_1 C_2 M street_6 160 53 58.8 A+
1206 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161 68 31.5 B+
2402 S_2 C_4 M street_7 166 82 48.7 B
>>> df.reindex(index=[1101,1203,1206,2402],method='nearest')
>>> #数值上1205比1301更接近1206,因此用前者填充
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1203 S_1 C_2 M street_6 160 53 58.8 A+
1206 S_1 C_2 F street_6 167 63 68.4 B-
2402 S_2 C_4 M street_7 166 82 48.7 B
reindex_like
的作用为生成一个横纵索引完全与参数列表一致的DataFrame
,数据使用被调用的表
>>> df_temp = pd.DataFrame({'Weight':np.zeros(5),
'Height':np.zeros(5),
'ID':[1101,1104,1103,1106,1102]}).set_index('ID')
>>> df_temp.reindex_like(df[0:5][['Weight','Height']])
Weight Height
ID
1101 0.0 0.0
1102 0.0 0.0
1103 0.0 0.0
1104 0.0 0.0
1105 NaN NaN
如果df_temp
单调还可以使用method
参数:
>>> df_temp = pd.DataFrame({'Weight':range(5),
'Height':range(5),
'ID':[1101,1104,1103,1106,1102]}).set_index('ID').sort_index()
>>> df_temp.reindex_like(df[0:5][['Weight','Height']],method='bfill')
>>> #可以自行检验这里的1105的值是否是由bfill规则填充
Weight Height
ID
1101 0 0
1102 4 4
1103 2 2
1104 1 1
1105 3 3
3. set_index和reset_index
先介绍set_index
:从字面意思看,就是将某些列作为索引
使用表内列作为索引:
>>> df.head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
>>> df.set_index('Class').head()
School Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
Class
C_1 S_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
C_1 S_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
C_1 S_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
C_1 S_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
C_1 S_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
利用append
参数可以将当前索引维持不变
>>> df.set_index('Class',append=True).head()
School Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID Class
1101 C_1 S_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1102 C_1 S_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1103 C_1 S_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1104 C_1 S_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 C_1 S_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
当使用与表长相同的列作为索引(需要先转化为Series
,否则报错):
>>> df.set_index(pd.Series(range(df.shape[0]))).head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
0 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
2 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
3 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
4 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
可以直接添加多级索引:
>>> df.set_index([pd.Series(range(df.shape[0])),pd.Series(np.ones(df.shape[0]))]).head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
0 1.0 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1 1.0 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
2 1.0 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
3 1.0 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
4 1.0 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
下面介绍reset_index
方法,它的主要功能是将索引重置
默认状态直接恢复到自然数索引:
>>> df.reset_index().head()
ID School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
0 1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1 1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
2 1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
3 1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
4 1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
用level
参数指定哪一层被reset
,用col_level
参数指定set
到哪一层:
>>> L1,L2 = ['A','B','C'],['a','b','c']
>>> mul_index1 = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L1,L2],names=('Upper', 'Lower'))
>>> L3,L4 = ['D','E','F'],['d','e','f']
>>> mul_index2 = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L3,L4],names=('Big', 'Small'))
>>> df_temp = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(9,9),index=mul_index1,columns=mul_index2)
>>> df_temp.head()
Big D E F
Small d e f d e f d e f
Upper Lower
A a 0.952394 0.225359 0.088530 0.344681 0.803563 0.957546 0.649799 0.644266 0.533074
b 0.597974 0.170867 0.713686 0.045497 0.013743 0.609154 0.642097 0.520484 0.113203
c 0.827619 0.999765 0.431732 0.060878 0.402561 0.183220 0.567167 0.822338 0.383110
B a 0.820653 0.562288 0.387569 0.310252 0.876846 0.525805 0.786711 0.638720 0.450830
b 0.610984 0.052675 0.056680 0.815168 0.933346 0.712698 0.042167 0.459474 0.934926
>>> df_temp1 = df_temp.reset_index(level=1,col_level=1)
>>> df_temp1.head()
Big D E F
Small Lower d e f d e f d e f
Upper
A a 0.952394 0.225359 0.088530 0.344681 0.803563 0.957546 0.649799 0.644266 0.533074
A b 0.597974 0.170867 0.713686 0.045497 0.013743 0.609154 0.642097 0.520484 0.113203
A c 0.827619 0.999765 0.431732 0.060878 0.402561 0.183220 0.567167 0.822338 0.383110
B a 0.820653 0.562288 0.387569 0.310252 0.876846 0.525805 0.786711 0.638720 0.450830
B b 0.610984 0.052675 0.056680 0.815168 0.933346 0.712698 0.042167 0.459474 0.934926
>>> df_temp1.columns
>>> #看到的确插入了level2
MultiIndex([( '', 'Lower'),
('D', 'd'),
('D', 'e'),
('D', 'f'),
('E', 'd'),
('E', 'e'),
('E', 'f'),
('F', 'd'),
('F', 'e'),
('F', 'f')],
names=['Big', 'Small'])
>>> df_temp1.index
>>> #最内层索引被移出
Index(['A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C', 'C'], dtype='object', name='Upper')
4. rename_axis和rename
rename_axis
是针对多级索引的方法,作用是修改某一层的索引名,而不是索引标签
>>> df_temp.rename_axis(index={'Lower':'LowerLower'},columns={'Big':'BigBig'})
BigBig D E F
Small d e f d e f d e f
Upper LowerLower
A a 0.952394 0.225359 0.088530 0.344681 0.803563 0.957546 0.649799 0.644266 0.533074
b 0.597974 0.170867 0.713686 0.045497 0.013743 0.609154 0.642097 0.520484 0.113203
c 0.827619 0.999765 0.431732 0.060878 0.402561 0.183220 0.567167 0.822338 0.383110
B a 0.820653 0.562288 0.387569 0.310252 0.876846 0.525805 0.786711 0.638720 0.450830
b 0.610984 0.052675 0.056680 0.815168 0.933346 0.712698 0.042167 0.459474 0.934926
c 0.817660 0.031609 0.991720 0.314334 0.940107 0.901928 0.565043 0.781750 0.915386
C a 0.649918 0.652024 0.843319 0.007445 0.494126 0.674986 0.569380 0.133073 0.870157
b 0.587731 0.493679 0.574484 0.847679 0.512082 0.361565 0.818315 0.447201 0.065062
c 0.681552 0.829670 0.851267 0.889587 0.543569 0.889665 0.720163 0.081832 0.978681
rename
方法用于修改列或者行索引标签,而不是索引名:
>>> df_temp.rename(index={'A':'T'},columns={'e':'changed_e'}).head()
Big D E F
Small d changed_e f d changed_e f d changed_e f
Upper Lower
T a 0.952394 0.225359 0.088530 0.344681 0.803563 0.957546 0.649799 0.644266 0.533074
b 0.597974 0.170867 0.713686 0.045497 0.013743 0.609154 0.642097 0.520484 0.113203
c 0.827619 0.999765 0.431732 0.060878 0.402561 0.183220 0.567167 0.822338 0.383110
B a 0.820653 0.562288 0.387569 0.310252 0.876846 0.525805 0.786711 0.638720 0.450830
b 0.610984 0.052675 0.056680 0.815168 0.933346 0.712698 0.042167 0.459474 0.934926
四、常用索引型函数
1. where函数
当对条件为False
的单元进行填充:
>>> df.head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
>>> df.where(df['Gender']=='M').head()
>>> #不满足条件的行全部被设置为NaN
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173.0 63.0 34.0 A+
1102 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186.0 82.0 87.2 B+
1104 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
1105 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
通过这种方法筛选结果和[]
操作符的结果完全一致:
>>> df.where(df['Gender']=='M').dropna().head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173.0 63.0 34.0 A+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186.0 82.0 87.2 B+
1201 S_1 C_2 M street_5 188.0 68.0 97.0 A-
1203 S_1 C_2 M street_6 160.0 53.0 58.8 A+
1301 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161.0 68.0 31.5 B+
第一个参数为布尔条件,第二个参数为填充值:
>>> df.where(df['Gender']=='M',np.random.rand(df.shape[0],df.shape[1])).head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173.000000 63.000000 34.000000 A+
1102 0.880363 0.377656 0.441071 0.192081 0.596748 0.693048 0.809448 0.41425
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186.000000 82.000000 87.200000 B+
1104 0.432909 0.660837 0.90067 0.93032 0.099089 0.449954 0.426169 0.082895
1105 0.540073 0.68175 0.262715 0.336918 0.714834 0.642204 0.956307 0.465849
2. mask函数
mask
函数与where
功能上相反,其余完全一致,即对条件为True
的单元进行填充
>>> df.mask(df['Gender']=='M').dropna().head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192.0 73.0 32.5 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167.0 81.0 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159.0 64.0 84.8 B+
1202 S_1 C_2 F street_4 176.0 94.0 63.5 B-
1204 S_1 C_2 F street_5 162.0 63.0 33.8 B
>>> df.mask(df['Gender']=='M',np.random.rand(df.shape[0],df.shape[1])).head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 0.273904 0.460798 0.446225 0.633699 0.895552 0.296590 0.002112 0.222349
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192.000000 73.000000 32.500000 B+
1103 0.266646 0.567703 0.0981018 0.625369 0.876915 0.405576 0.508490 0.203879
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167.000000 81.000000 80.400000 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159.000000 64.000000 84.800000 B+
3. query函数
>>> df.head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1102 S_1 C_1 F street_2 192 73 32.5 B+
1103 S_1 C_1 M street_2 186 82 87.2 B+
1104 S_1 C_1 F street_2 167 81 80.4 B-
1105 S_1 C_1 F street_4 159 64 84.8 B+
query
函数中的布尔表达式中,下面的符号都是合法的:行列索引名、字符串、and/not/or/&/|/~/not in/in/==/!=
、四则运算符
>>> df.query('(Address in ["street_6","street_7"])&(Weight>(70+10))&(ID in [1303,2304,2402])')
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1303 S_1 C_3 M street_7 188 82 49.7 B
2304 S_2 C_3 F street_6 164 81 95.5 A-
2402 S_2 C_4 M street_7 166 82 48.7 B
五、重复元素处理
1. duplicated方法
该方法返回了是否重复的布尔列表
>>> df.duplicated('Class').head()
ID
1101 False
1102 True
1103 True
1104 True
1105 True
dtype: bool
可选参数keep
默认为first
,即首次出现设为不重复,若为last
,则最后一次设为不重复,若为False
,则所有重复项为True
>>> df.duplicated('Class',keep='last').tail()
ID
2401 True
2402 True
2403 True
2404 True
2405 False
dtype: bool
>>> df.duplicated('Class',keep=False).head()
ID
1101 True
1102 True
1103 True
1104 True
1105 True
dtype: bool
2. drop_duplicates方法
从名字上看出为剔除重复项,这在后面章节中的分组操作中可能是有用的,例如需要保留每组的第一个值:
>>> df.drop_duplicates('Class')
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1201 S_1 C_2 M street_5 188 68 97.0 A-
1301 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161 68 31.5 B+
2401 S_2 C_4 F street_2 192 62 45.3 A
参数与duplicate
函数类似:
>>> df.drop_duplicates('Class',keep='last')
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
2105 S_2 C_1 M street_4 170 81 34.2 A
2205 S_2 C_2 F street_7 183 76 85.4 B
2305 S_2 C_3 M street_4 187 73 48.9 B
2405 S_2 C_4 F street_6 193 54 47.6 B
在传入多列时等价于将多列共同视作一个多级索引,比较重复项:
>>> df.drop_duplicates(['School','Class'])
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
1201 S_1 C_2 M street_5 188 68 97.0 A-
1301 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161 68 31.5 B+
2101 S_2 C_1 M street_7 174 84 83.3 C
2201 S_2 C_2 M street_5 193 100 39.1 B
2301 S_2 C_3 F street_4 157 78 72.3 B+
2401 S_2 C_4 F street_2 192 62 45.3 A
六、抽样函数
这里的抽样函数指的就是sample
函数
(a)n为样本量
>>> df.sample(n=5)
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1201 S_1 C_2 M street_5 188 68 97.0 A-
1202 S_1 C_2 F street_4 176 94 63.5 B-
1302 S_1 C_3 F street_1 175 57 87.7 A-
1205 S_1 C_2 F street_6 167 63 68.4 B-
2202 S_2 C_2 F street_7 194 77 68.5 B+
(b)frac为抽样比
>>> df.sample(frac=0.05)
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
2303 S_2 C_3 F street_7 190 99 65.9 C
1301 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161 68 31.5 B+
(c)replace为是否放回
>>> df.sample(n=df.shape[0],replace=True).head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
2205 S_2 C_2 F street_7 183 76 85.4 B
1202 S_1 C_2 F street_4 176 94 63.5 B-
1301 S_1 C_3 M street_4 161 68 31.5 B+
1303 S_1 C_3 M street_7 188 82 49.7 B
2402 S_2 C_4 M street_7 166 82 48.7 B
>>> df.sample(n=35,replace=True).index.is_unique
False
(d)axis为抽样维度,默认为0,即抽行
>>> df.sample(n=3,axis=1).head()
Address Height Math
ID
1101 street_1 173 34.0
1102 street_2 192 32.5
1103 street_2 186 87.2
1104 street_2 167 80.4
1105 street_4 159 84.8
(e)weights为样本权重,自动归一化
>>> df.sample(n=3,weights=np.random.rand(df.shape[0])).head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
2402 S_2 C_4 M street_7 166 82 48.7 B
1201 S_1 C_2 M street_5 188 68 97.0 A-
>>> #以某一列为权重,这在抽样理论中很常见
>>> #抽到的概率与Math数值成正比
>>> df.sample(n=3,weights=df['Math']).head()
School Class Gender Address Height Weight Math Physics
ID
2404 S_2 C_4 F street_2 160 84 67.7 B
2304 S_2 C_3 F street_6 164 81 95.5 A-
1101 S_1 C_1 M street_1 173 63 34.0 A+
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