虚函数与构造函数和析构函数的关系

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结论

构造函数不能声明为虚函数，析构函数可以声明为虚函数，而且有时必须声明为虚函数

1. 构造函数不能声明为虚函数

虚函数存储在虚函数表中，这个虚函数表是由对象的 __vfptr 成员变量指向的，如果构造函数是虚函数就需要通过虚函数表来调用，可是对象还没有实例化，还没有构造 __vfptr 成员变量，也就找不到虚函数表，无法找到并调用虚函数就无法生成具体的对象，无法生成具体对象就无法调用虚函数，陷入死锁

2. 析构函数设为虚函数的作用

如果用基类指针 delete 派生类对象时，如果不定义成虚函数，则只调用基类析构函数不调用派生类析构函数，导致资源泄漏
因此基类的析构函数不声明为虚函数容易造成内存泄漏，所以如果设计一个类作为基类的话，必须要声明析构函数为虚函数

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base {
public:
    Base() {};
    virtual ~Base() { cout << "Base destruct" << endl; }; // 作为基类，一般设置析构函数为 virtual，防止派生类资源泄漏
    virtual void DoSomething() { cout << "Base dosomething" << endl; };
};

class Derived : public Base {
public:
    Derived() {};
    ~Derived() { cout << "Derived destruct" << endl; };            // 派生类可以不用显式写 virtual
    void DoSomething() { cout << "Derived dosomething" << endl; }; // 派生类可以不用显式写 virtual
};

class Thrived : public Derived {
public:
    Thrived() {};
    ~Thrived() { cout << "Thrived destruct" << endl; };
    void DoSomething() { cout << "Thrived dosomething" << endl; }
};

int main()
{
    Base *p1 = new Base;
    p1->DoSomething();
    delete p1;
    cout << "*************************" << endl;

    Base *p2 = new Derived;
    p2->DoSomething();
    delete p2;
    cout << "*************************" << endl;

    Derived *p3 = new Derived;
    p3->DoSomething();
    delete p3;
    cout << "*************************" << endl;

    Base *p4 = new Thrived;
    p4->DoSomething();
    delete p4;
    cout << "*************************" << endl;

    Derived *p5 = new Thrived;
    p5->DoSomething();
    delete p5;
    cout << "*************************" << endl;

    Thrived *p6 = new Thrived;
    p6->DoSomething();
    delete p6;
    cout << "*************************" << endl;

    return 0;
}

/* output with virtual:
Base dosomething
Base destruct
*************************
Derived dosomething
Derived destruct
Base destruct
*************************
Derived dosomething
Derived destruct
Base destruct
*************************
Thrived dosomething
Thrived destruct
Derived destruct
Base destruct
*************************
Thrived dosomething
Thrived destruct
Derived destruct
Base destruct
*************************
Thrived dosomething
Thrived destruct
Derived destruct
Base destruct
*************************
*/

/* output without virtual:
Base dosomething
Base destruct
*************************
Derived dosomething
Base destruct
*************************
Derived dosomething
Derived destruct
Base destruct
*************************
Thrived dosomething
Base destruct
*************************
Thrived dosomething
Derived destruct
Base destruct
*************************
Thrived dosomething
Thrived destruct
Derived destruct
Base destruct
*************************
*/