debian 国内最快镜像源

如果要安装最新的 Debian lts 版本，请把当前最新的版本代号(bookworm)替换成 stable。
当下次 Debian trixie 13.x 发布时，此时 stable 实际代表 trixie。

stable

deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ stable main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ stable main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ stable-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ stable-security main
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ stable-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ stable-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ stable-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ stable-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

testing
Debian 采用2年发布周期，所以一些软件包都是一年多以前的，对于需要最新的软件包，除自己编译外，可以采用 Testing 源。
该源极其不稳定,可能造成系统无法启动。需要恢复模式自己修复，但软件包非常新，例如 GCC 14.2 。
谨慎体验，后果自负！⚠ 在虚拟机运行时，提前做快照备份。

deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ testing main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ testing main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ testing-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ testing-security main
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ testing-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ testing-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ testing-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ testing-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

Trixie 13.x (暂未发布,可使用 stable 替代)

deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ trixie main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ trixie main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ trixie-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ trixie-security main
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ trixie-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ trixie-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ trixie-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ trixie-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

Bookworm 12.x

deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

Bullseye 11.x

deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib

更新

sudo apt update
sudo apt dist-upgrade 可选，升级 类似当前系统 latest  版本，建议首先使用 apt-get -s dist-upgrade 模拟测试，没错误后再去掉 -s 运行。
sudo apt full-upgrade 可选，升级包括内核 类似 Window10 -> Windows 11

建议用户在升级前从 APT source-list 文件中移除 bullseye-backports 条目，正如 第 4.2.10 节 “非官方源” 一样。在升级完成后，可以考虑添加 bookworm-backports 条目。

https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/s390x/release-notes/ch-upgrading.zh-cn.html
https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases

Linux 系统点击热度排名

https://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=popularity

Debian 系列

• Debian Stable ：适用于注重稳定性与长期支持的生产环境，尤其适合服务器部署及对系统可靠性要求较高的应用场景。
• Ubuntu LTS ：面向开发者、桌面用户及企业级应用，提供良好的软硬件兼容性、定期更新支持（LTS 版本支持长达 5 年），并拥有庞大的社区资源与官方商业支持选项。
• Linux Mint（基于 Ubuntu） ：针对桌面用户优化，界面友好、开箱即用，适合初学者或希望快速上手 Linux 的用户群体。

Red Hat 系列

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) ：面向企业级生产环境设计，提供高度稳定性、长期支持（长达 10 年）及完整的商业级技术支持，适用于关键业务服务器、大型组织IT基础设施及对安全性和合规性要求严苛的企业应用场景。
• Fedora ：面向开发者与技术爱好者，主打前沿软件栈与开源创新，适合追求最新功能、开发测试环境及对系统安全性有较高要求的用户。
• Nobara Project ：基于 Fedora 的定制发行版，专注于游戏与多媒体体验优化，预装性能调优组件与游戏平台支持，适合 Linux 游戏玩家及影音娱乐用户。

Arch 系列