复数定义

# Complex numbers # ---------------  # [Now that Python has a complex data type built-in, this is not very # useful, but it's still a nice example class]  # This module represents complex numbers as instances of the class Complex. # A Complex instance z has two data attribues, z.re (the real part) and z.im # (the imaginary part). In fact, z.re and z.im can have any value -- all # arithmetic operators work regardless of the type of z.re and z.im (as long # as they support numerical operations). # # The following functions exist (Complex is actually a class): # Complex([re [,im]) -> creates a complex number from a real and an imaginary part # IsComplex(z) -> true iff z is a complex number (== has .re and .im attributes) # ToComplex(z) -> a complex number equal to z; z itself if IsComplex(z) is true # if z is a tuple(re, im) it will also be converted # PolarToComplex([r [,phi [,fullcircle]]]) -> # the complex number z for which r == z.radius() and phi == z.angle(fullcircle) # (r and phi default to 0) # exp(z) -> returns the complex exponential of z. Equivalent to pow(math.e,z). # # Complex numbers have the following methods: # z.abs() -> absolute value of z # z.radius() == z.abs() # z.angle([fullcircle]) -> angle from positive X axis; fullcircle gives units # z.phi([fullcircle]) == z.angle(fullcircle) # # These standard functions and unary operators accept complex arguments: # abs(z) # -z # +z # not z # repr(z) == `z` # str(z) # hash(z) -> a combination of hash(z.re) and hash(z.im) such that if z.im is zero # the result equals hash(z.re) # Note that hex(z) and oct(z) are not defined. # # These conversions accept complex arguments only if their imaginary part is zero: # int(z) # float(z) # # The following operators accept two complex numbers, or one complex number # and one real number (int, long or float): # z1 + z2 # z1 - z2 # z1 * z2 # z1 / z2 # pow(z1, z2) # cmp(z1, z2) # Note that z1 % z2 and divmod(z1, z2) are not defined, # nor are shift and mask operations. # # The standard module math does not support complex numbers. # The cmath modules should be used instead. # # Idea: # add a class Polar(r, phi) and mixed-mode arithmetic which # chooses the most appropriate type for the result: # Complex for +,-,cmp # Polar for *,/,pow  import math import sys 

#PI的2倍和PI的一半 twopi = math.pi*2.0 halfpi = math.pi/2.0 #判断一个数是否为复数,即是否为属性:re, 和im

def IsComplex(obj): return hasattr(obj, 're') and hasattr(obj, 'im') #将一个数转为复数

def ToComplex(obj): if IsComplex(obj): return obj elif isinstance(obj, tuple): return Complex(*obj) else: return Complex(obj) 

def PolarToComplex(r = 0, phi = 0, fullcircle = twopi): phi = phi * (twopi / fullcircle) return Complex(math.cos(phi)*r, math.sin(phi)*r) 

#返回复数的实部 def Re(obj): if IsComplex(obj): return obj.re return obj 

#返回复数和虚部

def Im(obj): if IsComplex(obj): return obj.im return 0 #复数类的定义

class Complex: def __init__(self, re=0, im=0): _re = 0 _im = 0 if IsComplex(re): _re = re.re _im = re.im else: _re = re if IsComplex(im): _re = _re - im.im _im = _im + im.re else: _im = _im + im  # 该类是不可变的,所以不直接设置 self.re.  self.__dict__['re'] = _re self.__dict__['im'] = _im 

 #设置该类属性时就会抛出错误 def __setattr__(self, name, value): raise TypeError('Complex numbers are immutable') 

  #哈希函数  def __hash__(self): if not self.im: return hash(self.re) return hash((self.re, self.im)) 

 #重载默认的__repr___函数  def __repr__(self): if not self.im: return 'Complex(%r)' % (self.re,) else: return 'Complex(%r, %r)' % (self.re, self.im) #重载默认的__str__函数  def __str__(self): if not self.im: return repr(self.re) else: return 'Complex(%r, %r)' % (self.re, self.im) 

 #返回复数的相反数  def __neg__(self): return Complex(-self.re, -self.im)  #返回复数本身

 def __pos__(self): return self 

 #返回复数的绝对值,公式为实部的平方加上虚部的平方再求平方根  def __abs__(self): return math.hypot(self.re, self.im) 

 #将复数转为整型 , 如果虚部不为零,转化失败  def __int__(self): if self.im: raise ValueError("can't convert Complex with nonzero im to int") return int(self.re) 

  #将复数转为浮点型,如果虚部不为零,转化失败.  def __float__(self): if self.im: raise ValueError("can't convert Complex with nonzero im to float") return float(self.re) 

 #比较函数,以self为主,实部与虚部分别进行比较 def __cmp__(self, other): other = ToComplex(other) return cmp((self.re, self.im), (other.re, other.im)) 

 #反向比较函数, 以other为主,实部与虚部进行比较  def __rcmp__(self, other): other = ToComplex(other) return cmp(other, self) 

 #将复数转为布尔型  def __bool__(self): return not (self.re == self.im == 0) abs = radius = __abs__ def angle(self, fullcircle = twopi): return (fullcircle/twopi) * ((halfpi - math.atan2(self.re, self.im)) % twopi) phi = angle 

 #复数相加  def __add__(self, other): other = ToComplex(other) return Complex(self.re + other.re, self.im + other.im) __radd__ = __add__ #复数相减

 def __sub__(self, other): other = ToComplex(other) return Complex(self.re - other.re, self.im - other.im)

 def __rsub__(self, other): other = ToComplex(other) return other - self 

 #复数相乘  def __mul__(self, other): other = ToComplex(other) return Complex(self.re*other.re - self.im*other.im, self.re*other.im + self.im*other.re) __rmul__ = __mul__ #得数相除

 def __div__(self, other): other = ToComplex(other) d = float(other.re*other.re + other.im*other.im) if not d: raise ZeroDivisionError('Complex division') return Complex((self.re*other.re + self.im*other.im) / d, (self.im*other.re - self.re*other.im) / d) def __rdiv__(self, other): other = ToComplex(other) return other / self def __pow__(self, n, z=None): if z is not None: raise TypeError('Complex does not support ternary pow()') if IsComplex(n): if n.im: if self.im: raise TypeError('Complex to the Complex power') else: return exp(math.log(self.re)*n) n = n.re r = pow(self.abs(), n) phi = n*self.angle() return Complex(math.cos(phi)*r, math.sin(phi)*r) def __rpow__(self, base): base = ToComplex(base) return pow(base, self) def exp(z): r = math.exp(z.re) return Complex(math.cos(z.im)*r,math.sin(z.im)*r) def checkop(expr, a, b, value, fuzz = 1e-6): print(' ', a, 'and', b, end=' ') try: result = eval(expr) except: result = sys.exc_info()[0] print('->', result) if isinstance(result, str) or isinstance(value, str): ok = (result == value) else: ok = abs(result - value) <= fuzz if not ok: print('!!/t!!/t!! should be', value, 'diff', abs(result - value)) def test(): print('test constructors') constructor_test = ( # "expect" is an array [re,im] "got" the Complex.  ( (0,0), Complex() ), ( (0,0), Complex() ), ( (1,0), Complex(1) ), ( (0,1), Complex(0,1) ), ( (1,2), Complex(Complex(1,2)) ), ( (1,3), Complex(Complex(1,2),1) ), ( (0,0), Complex(0,Complex(0,0)) ), ( (3,4), Complex(3,Complex(4)) ), ( (-1,3), Complex(1,Complex(3,2)) ), ( (-7,6), Complex(Complex(1,2),Complex(4,8)) ) ) cnt = [0,0] for t in constructor_test: cnt[0] += 1 if ((t[0][0]!=t[1].re)or(t[0][1]!=t[1].im)): print(" expected", t[0], "got", t[1]) cnt[1] += 1 print(" ", cnt[1], "of", cnt[0], "tests failed") # test operators  testsuite = { 'a+b': [ (1, 10, 11), (1, Complex(0,10), Complex(1,10)), (Complex(0,10), 1, Complex(1,10)), (Complex(0,10), Complex(1), Complex(1,10)), (Complex(1), Complex(0,10), Complex(1,10)), ], 'a-b': [ (1, 10, -9), (1, Complex(0,10), Complex(1,-10)), (Complex(0,10), 1, Complex(-1,10)), (Complex(0,10), Complex(1), Complex(-1,10)), (Complex(1), Complex(0,10), Complex(1,-10)), ], 'a*b': [ (1, 10, 10), (1, Complex(0,10), Complex(0, 10)), (Complex(0,10), 1, Complex(0,10)), (Complex(0,10), Complex(1), Complex(0,10)), (Complex(1), Complex(0,10), Complex(0,10)), ], 'a/b': [ (1., 10, 0.1), (1, Complex(0,10), Complex(0, -0.1)), (Complex(0, 10), 1, Complex(0, 10)), (Complex(0, 10), Complex(1), Complex(0, 10)), (Complex(1), Complex(0,10), Complex(0, -0.1)), ], 'pow(a,b)': [ (1, 10, 1), (1, Complex(0,10), 1), (Complex(0,10), 1, Complex(0,10)), (Complex(0,10), Complex(1), Complex(0,10)), (Complex(1), Complex(0,10), 1), (2, Complex(4,0), 16), ], 'cmp(a,b)': [ (1, 10, -1), (1, Complex(0,10), 1), (Complex(0,10), 1, -1), (Complex(0,10), Complex(1), -1), (Complex(1), Complex(0,10), 1), ], } for expr in sorted(testsuite): print(expr + ':') t = (expr,) for item in testsuite[expr]: checkop(*(t+item)) if __name__ == '__main__': test() 

转载于:https://my.oschina.net/fuyajun1983cn/blog/263945