Linux 操作系统跑Linux慢的分析

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作者:BitsCN整理   来源:中国网管联盟   点击: <script language="javascript" src="http://www.bitscn.com/plus/count.php?view=yes&aid=7125" type="text/javascript"></script> 389   日期:2004-10-13

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  iostat的默认参数是tdc(terminal, disk, and CPU)。如果任何其他的选项被指定,这个默认参数将被完全替代,例如,iostat -d将只反 映磁盘的统计结果。
  
  语法:
  基本语法: iostat interval count
  
  option - 让你指定所需信息的设备,像磁盘、cpu或者终端(-d , -c , -t or -tdc ) 。x 选项给出了完整的统计结果(gives the extended
  
  statistic)。
  
  interval - 在两个samples之间的时间(秒)。
  
  count - 就是需要统计几次
  
  例子:
  $ iostat -xtc 5 2
  extended disk statistics tty cpu
  disk r/s w/s Kr/s Kw/s wait actv svc_t %w %b tin tout us sy wt id
  sd0 2.6 3.0 20.7 22.7 0.1 0.2 59.2 6 19 0 84 3 85 11 0
  sd1 4.2 1.0 33.5 8.0 0.0 0.2 47.2 2 23
  sd2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
  sd3 10.2 1.6 51.4 12.8 0.1 0.3 31.2 3 31
  
  The fields have the following meanings:
  
  disk name of the disk
  r/s reads per second
  w/s writes per second
  Kr/s kilobytes read per second feedom.net国内最早的网管网站
  Kw/s kilobytes written per second
  wait average number of transactions waiting for service (Q length)
  actv average number of transactions actively
  being serviced (removed from the
  queue but not yet
  completed)
  %w percent of time there are transactions waiting
  for service (queue non-empty)
  %b percent of time the disk is busy (transactions
  in progress)
  
  Results and Solutions:
  
  从iostat输出结果中需要注意的值:
  
  Reads/writes per second (r/s , w/s)
  Percentage busy (%b)
  Service time (svc_t)
  
  如果磁盘显示长时间的高reads/writes,并且磁盘的percentage busy (%b)也远大于5%,同时average service time (svc_t)也远大于30
  
  milliseconds,这以下的措施需要被执行:
  1.)调整应用,令其使用磁盘i/o更加有效率,可以通过修改磁盘队列、使用应用服务器的cache
  
  2.)将文件系统分布到2个或多个磁盘上,并使用volume manager/disksuite的条带化特点
  
  3.) 增加系统参数值,如inode cache , ufs_ninode。Increase the system parameter values for inode cache , ufs_ninode , which play.bitsCN.com累了吗玩一下吧
  
  is Number of inodes to be held in memory. Inodes are cached globally (for UFS), not on a per-file system basis
  
  4.) 将文件系统移到更快的磁盘/控制器,或者用更好的设备来代替
  vmstat - vmstat反映了进程的虚拟内存、虚拟内存、磁盘、trap(是不是翻译成中断??)和cpu的活动情况
  
  在多cpu系统中,vmstat在输出结果中平均了cpu数量。For per-process statistics .如果没有选项,vmstat显示一行虚拟内存活动的概要
  
  结果,是从系统启动时开始的。
  
  语法:
  vmstat interval count
  
  option - 让你指定所需的信息类型,例如 paging -p , cache -c ,.interrupt -i etc.
  
  如果没有指定选项,将会显示进程、内存、页、磁盘、中断和cpu信息
  
  interval - 同iostat
  
  count - 同iostat
  
  例子
  The following command displays a summary of what the system
  is doing every five seconds.
  
  example% vmstat 5
  procs memory page disk faults cpu
  r b w swap free re mf pi p fr de sr s0 s1 s2 s3 in sy cs us sy id

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  0 0 0 11456 4120 1 41 19 1 3 0 2 0 4 0 0 48 112 130 4 14 82
  0 0 1 10132 4280 0 4 44 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 211 230 144 3 35 62
  0 0 1 10132 4616 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 150 172 146 3 33 64
  0 0 1 10132 5292 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 165 105 130 1 21 78
  
  The fields of vmstat's display are
  procs
  r in run queue
  b blocked for resources I/O, paging etc.
  w swapped
  
  memory (in Kbytes)
  swap - amount of swap space currently available
  free - size of the free list
  
  page ( in units per second).
  re page reclaims - see -S option for how this field is modified.
  mf minor faults - see -S option for how this field is modified.
  pi kilobytes paged in
  po kilobytes paged out
  fr kilobytes freed
  de anticipated short-term memory shortfall (Kbytes)
  sr pages scanned by clock algorithm
  
  disk ( operations per second )
  There are slots for up to four disks, labeled with a single letter and number.

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  The letter indicates the type of disk (s = SCSI, i = IPI, etc) . The number is
  the logical unit number.
  
  faults
  in (non clock) device interrupts
  sy system calls
  cs CPU context switches
  
  cpu - breakdown of percentage usage of CPU time. On multiprocessors this is an a
  verage across all processors.
  us user time
  sy system time
  id idle time
  
  结果和解决方案:
  A. CPU issues:
  
  下面几列需要被察看,以确定cpu是否有问题
  
  Processes in the run queue (procs r)
  User time (cpu us)
  System time (cpu sy)
  Idle time (cpu id)
  procs cpu
  r b w us sy id
  0 0 0 4 14 82
  0 0 1 3 35 62
  0 0 1 3 33 64
  0 0 1 1 21 78
  
  问题情况:
  1.) 如果processes in run queue (procs r)的数量远大于系统中cpu的数量,将会使系统便慢。
  2.) 如果这个数量是cpu的4倍的话,说明系统正面临cpu能力短缺,这将使系统运行速度大幅度降低 feedom.net国内最早的网管网站
  3.) 如果cpu的idle时间经常为0的话,或者系统占用时间(cpu sy)是用户占用时间(cpu us)两辈的话,系统面临缺少cpu资源
  
  解决方案 :
  解决这些情况,涉及到调整应用程序,使其能更有效的使用cpu,同时增加cpu的能力或数量。
  
  B. Memory Issues:
  内存的瓶颈取决于scan rate (sr) 。scan rate是每秒时钟对页的扫描 (he scan rate is the pages scanned by the clock algorithm per
  
  second.)如果 scan rate (sr)一直大于200 pages每秒,这时就是内存短缺的现实。
  
  解决方案 :
  1. 调整应用和服务器,使其能更好的使用memory和cache
  2. 增加系统内存
  dmidecode类似AIX的lsdev,所有的设备基本都可以看到。

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