最近尝试自己编写链接脚本生成可执行程序,但遇到了一些问题,生成的可执行程序在运行时报错,后来发现是因为生成的可执行程序中动态链接器的路径有问题,通过使用patchelf
工具修改可执行程序的动态链接器路径后,程序运行正常。下面详细记录一下这个过程。
首先是一个极其简单的 C
文件:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void nomain(void)
{
printf("hello, world\n");
exit(123);
}
上述文件中没有 main
函数,而只有一个 nomain
函数,因此需要在链接脚本里通过 ENTRY(nomain)
语句指定程序的入口函数为 nomain
。使用到的链接脚本来自于 ld --verbose
给出的默认链接脚本,内容如下所示:
/* Script for -z combreloc: combine and sort reloc sections */
/* Copyright (C) 2014-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copying and distribution of this script, with or without modification,
are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
notice and this notice are preserved. */
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf64-x86-64", "elf64-x86-64",
"elf64-x86-64")
OUTPUT_ARCH(i386:x86-64)
ENTRY(nomain)
SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/x86_64-redhat-linux/lib64"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib64"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib64"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib64"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/x86_64-redhat-linux/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib");
SECTIONS
{
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PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(.preinit_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
}
.init_array :
{
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.init_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.init_array EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
}
.fini_array :
{
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.fini_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dtors.*)))
KEEP (*(.fini_array EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
}
.ctors :
{
/* gcc uses crtbegin.o to find the start of
the constructors, so we make sure it is
first. Because this is a wildcard, it
doesn't matter if the user does not
actually link against crtbegin.o; the
linker won't look for a file to match a
wildcard. The wildcard also means that it
doesn't matter which directory crtbegin.o
is in. */
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.ctors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.ctors))
/* We don't want to include the .ctor section from
the crtend.o file until after the sorted ctors.
The .ctor section from the crtend file contains the
end of ctors marker and it must be last */
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
KEEP (*(SORT(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.ctors))
}
.dtors :
{
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
KEEP (*(SORT(.dtors.*)))
KEEP (*(.dtors))
}
.jcr : { KEEP (*(.jcr)) }
.data.rel.ro : { *(.data.rel.ro.local* .gnu.linkonce.d.rel.ro.local.*) *(.data.rel.ro .data.rel.ro.* .gnu.linkonce.d.rel.ro.*) }
.dynamic : { *(.dynamic) }
.got : { *(.got) *(.igot) }
. = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END (SIZEOF (.got.plt) >= 24 ? 24 : 0, .);
.got.plt : { *(.got.plt) *(.igot.plt) }
.data :
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SORT(CONSTRUCTORS)
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_edata = .; PROVIDE (edata = .);
. = .;
__bss_start = .;
.bss :
{
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*(COMMON)
/* Align here to ensure that the .bss section occupies space up to
_end. Align after .bss to ensure correct alignment even if the
.bss section disappears because there are no input sections.
FIXME: Why do we need it? When there is no .bss section, we don't
pad the .data section. */
. = ALIGN(. != 0 ? 64 / 8 : 1);
}
.lbss :
{
*(.dynlbss)
*(.lbss .lbss.* .gnu.linkonce.lb.*)
*(LARGE_COMMON)
}
. = ALIGN(64 / 8);
. = SEGMENT_START("ldata-segment", .);
.lrodata ALIGN(CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) + (. & (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - 1)) :
{
*(.lrodata .lrodata.* .gnu.linkonce.lr.*)
}
.ldata ALIGN(CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) + (. & (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - 1)) :
{
*(.ldata .ldata.* .gnu.linkonce.l.*)
. = ALIGN(. != 0 ? 64 / 8 : 1);
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. = ALIGN(64 / 8);
_end = .; PROVIDE (end = .);
. = DATA_SEGMENT_END (.);
/* Stabs debugging sections. */
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.stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
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.stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
.stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
.comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
.gnu.build.attributes : { *(.gnu.build.attributes .gnu.build.attributes.*) }
/* DWARF debug sections.
Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to the beginning
of the section so we begin them at 0. */
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.line 0 : { *(.line) }
/* GNU DWARF 1 extensions */
.debug_srcinfo 0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
.debug_sfnames 0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
/* DWARF 1.1 and DWARF 2 */
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/* DWARF 2 */
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.debug_line 0 : { *(.debug_line .debug_line.* .debug_line_end ) }
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.gnu.attributes 0 : { KEEP (*(.gnu.attributes)) }
/DISCARD/ : { *(.note.GNU-stack) *(.gnu_debuglink) *(.gnu.lto_*) *(.gnu_object_only) }
}
但生成的可执行程序在运行时会报错,如下所示:
$ gcc -o main.o -c main.c
$ ld -T main.lds main.o -o main -lc
$ ./main
-bash: ./main: 没有那个文件或目录
进而发现,生成的可执行程序的动态链接器路径有问题,即动态链接器不存在,如下所示:
$ readelf -l main |grep interpreter
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld64.so.1]
$ ll /lib/ld64.so.1
ls: 无法访问'/lib/ld64.so.1': 没有那个文件或目录
至于为什么会这样,我还没有搞明白,知道原因的大佬请不吝赐教。
还好,可以通过 patchelf
工具来修改 ELF
文件的动态链接器路径,如下所示:
$ patchelf --set-interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 main
也就是,将不存在的动态链接器路径 /lib/ld64.so.1
修改为正确的动态链接器路径/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
。
修改后,再次执行该程序,发现程序运行正常,如下所示:
$ ./main
hello, world
$ echo $?
123