Swift 易忽略的笔记 8）：Extensions

1. Extensions


Extensions add new functionality to an existing class, structure, or enumeration type. This includes the ability to extend types for which you do not have access to the original source code (known as retroactive modeling). Extensions are similar to categories in Objective-C. (Unlike Objective-C categories, Swift extensions do not have names.)


Extensions in Swift can:


Add computed properties and computed static properties
Define instance methods and type methods
Provide new initializers
Define subscripts
Define and use new nested types

Make an existing type conform to a protocol

“If you define an extension to add new functionality to an existing type, the new functionality will be available on all existing instances of that type, even if they were created before the extension was defined.”

1. Computed Properties

extension Double {
    var km: Double { return self * 1_000.0 }
    var m: Double { return self }
    var cm: Double { return self / 100.0 }
    var mm: Double { return self / 1_000.0 }
    var ft: Double { return self / 3.28084 }
}
let oneInch = 25.4.mm
println("One inch is \(oneInch) meters")
// prints "One inch is 0.0254 meters"
let threeFeet = 3.ft
println("Three feet is \(threeFeet) meters")
// prints "Three feet is 0.914399970739201 meters

“Extensions can add new computed properties, but they cannot add stored properties, or add property observers to existing properties.”     唉

2. Initializers

“Extensions can add new convenience initializers to a class, but they cannot add new designated initializers or deinitializers to a class.”

struct Size {
    var width = 0.0, height = 0.0
}
struct Point {
    var x = 0.0, y = 0.0
}
struct Rect {
    var origin = Point()
    var size = Size()
}

extension Rect {
    init(center: Point, size: Size) {
        let originX = center.x - (size.width / 2)
        let originY = center.y - (size.height / 2)
        self.init(origin: Point(x: originX, y: originY), size: size)
    }
}



let centerRect = Rect(center: Point(x: 4.0, y: 4.0),
    size: Size(width: 3.0, height: 3.0))
// centerRect's origin is (2.5, 2.5) and its size is (3.0, 3.0)

3. 4. methods／mutating methods

extension Int {
    func repetitions(task: () -> ()) {
        for i in 0..self {
            task()
        }
    }
}


3.repetitions {
    println("Goodbye!")
}
// Goodbye!
// Goodbye!
// Goodbye!

5. subscripts

extension Int {
    subscript(digitIndex: Int) -> Int {
        var decimalBase = 1
            for _ in 1...digitIndex {
                decimalBase *= 10
            }
            return (self / decimalBase) % 10
    }
}
746381295[0]
// returns 5
746381295[1]
// returns 9
746381295[2]
// returns 2
746381295[8]
// returns 7”

6. Nested Types

extension Character {
    enum Kind {
        case Vowel, Consonant, Other
    }
    var kind: Kind {
    switch String(self).lowercaseString {
    case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u":
        return .Vowel
    case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m",
    "n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z":
        return .Consonant
    default:
        return .Other
        }
    }
}

func printLetterKinds(word: String) {
    println("'\(word)' is made up of the following kinds of letters:")
    for character in word {
        switch character.kind {
        case .Vowel:
            print("vowel ")
        case .Consonant:
            print("consonant ")
        case .Other:
            print("other ")
        }
    }
    print("\n")
}
printLetterKinds("Hello")
// 'Hello' is made up of the following kinds of letters:
// consonant vowel consonant consonant vowel