A guide for defining, designing, and delivering a successful Oracle RAC project.
Published April 2006
Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) is the premier database clustering solution in the RDBMS market space. Oracle RAC’s configuration options and features offer companies a wide range of flexibility for designing their high-availability solutions. However, with all the configuration options, features, and flexibility, how do you guarantee a successful implementation?
This article is a guide for defining, designing, and delivering a successful Oracle RAC project. It details the steps required to reduce risks and increase your chances of a successful implementation. In addition, it highlights many major pitfalls you may encounter during your Oracle RAC project and offers suggestions on how to avoid them.
Although this article focuses on Oracle RAC, the following steps are applicable to many types of Oracle implementation projects. (Note that this guide is intended for informational purposes only; under no circumstances should you consider it a consulting offering.)
So let’s get started!
Requirements Definition
The first major phase in delivering a successful Oracle RAC implementation is defining the actual goals of the project. The Requirements Definition step involves identifying and documenting the features and functionality delivered during the implementation phase of the project.
As you proceed with your Oracle RAC implementation, you will continually come back to your requirements lists. Having a set of documented requirements will lend direction to your Oracle RAC project. Without it, you will find the project difficult to manage, as new, unexpected changes creep into the project’s implementation.
Avoiding Pitfall #1: Make sure your key business and technical personnel actively participate in identifying the requirements for the project. Clearly communicate all requirements to the project stakeholders, including key management staff, technical staff, and end users.
Step 1 – Defining Project Scope
The first step in the Requirements Definition phase is defining the project scope. The project scope, a collection of details that justify the business need for the project, describes the project’s high-level deliverables. The project scope is sometimes referred to as “business requirements.”
To determine the project scope, ask yourself the following questions:
- What are the business objectives of the project?
- What is the project trying to accomplish?
- What are the key benefits of successful project completion?
A sample project scope document detailing the high-level goals of a sample Oracle RAC project is shown below.
| Justification | We are implementing Oracle RAC to make our applications scalable and highly available and to offer more-reliable services to our customers. |
| Goals / Deliverables | The final product of this project will be a new Oracle RAC system that supports the level of service detailed in our service-level-requirements document*. *attached below |
| Project Schedule Constraints | The project must be completed by August 2006. |
| Project Cost Constraints | The project cost should not exceed $XXX,XXX. |
Avoiding Pitfall #2: Strive to make the project objectives quantifiable. You will be able to come back to these objectives and measure the overall project’s success. Making objectives quantifiable includes documenting project schedule and cost constraints.
Step 2 – Defining the Project Team
Defining the project team involves identifying the individuals who will contribute to the project’s deliverables and the ones who will complete the tasks within the project plan. These individuals may include persons from multiple areas of your organization, including executive staff, business analyst staff, and technical staff.
The following matrix describes the makeup of a typical Oracle RAC project, describes their function, and specifies the steps at which they may contribute to the project.
| Role | Responsibility | Participation Phases | Oracle RAC–Specific Tasks |
| Executive |
|
| |
| IT manager |
|
| |
| Project manager |
|
| |
| Database administrator |
|
|
|
| Network administrator |
|
|
|
| System administrator |
|
|
|
| Application developer |
|
|
|
| Tester |
|
|
|
| Application user |
|
|
|
The responsibilities of your Oracle RAC project team members may differ from site to site, depending on the size of the site and the system requirements.
While you’re putting this project team together, the most qualified staffers for the project may be unavailable. This constraint may force you to go with the people who are available. In such a situation, you can lessen implementation risks by sending your project team members to get the appropriate technical training. Technical training often leads to reduced project risk and higher-quality project deliverables.
Avoiding Pitfall #3: If the new Oracle RAC system is replacing an existing legacy system, include individuals who are sufficiently experienced in the old system. Having these team members will help ensure that all project requirements have been met.
Step 3 – Defining Service-Level Requirements
The third step in the requirements definition phase is defining the service-level requirements. Service-level requirements are the levels of service your Oracle RAC project implementation is expected to support. They document the service-level expectations and operational requirements and provide guidelines for handling delays and failures.
Service-level requirements can be broken up into two categories of requirements: service-level requirements and operational requirements.
Service-level requirements assist in aligning the Oracle RAC technology implementation with the project’s scope—the project’s business goals. You begin to identify your service-level requirements by first analyzing requirements of existing systems. This analysis includes reviewing existing system operational, technical, and support procedures and documentation.
You can further identify service-level requirements by asking questions such as
- What are the critical business hours during which the Oracle RAC system is expected to be online?
- What are the various levels of service required of the system?
- What are the minimum acceptable levels of performance and availability?
- What are the procedures for handling delays and failures?
The answers to these questions are typically grouped into a rated, tiered service-level-requirements matrix that defines the differing levels of service.
Below is a sample service-level-requirements matrix. Exact definitions and the number of tiers will depend on your individual organizations and business units.
| Tier | Severity-Level Description | Performance | Availability | Resolution Requirement |
| 5 | Normal operation | System is responding at normal operating baseline. | System is 100% available. All outages are properly scheduled. | None |
| 4 | Severity level 4: Trivial problem with little or no impact | Performance is 10% to 30% below the required baseline. | 90% to 95% of the applications or application functionality is available. | Must be resolved within five days |
| 3 | Severity level 3: Minor problem with minimal impact | Performance is 30% to 50% below the required baseline. | 85% to 90% of the applications or application functionality is available. | Must be resolved within three days |
| 2 | Severity level 2: Noticeable problem with measurable impact | Performance is 50% to 70% below the required baseline. | 80% to 85% of the applications or application functionality is available. | Must be resolved within one day |
| 1 | Severity level 1: Severe problem with high business impact | Performance is 70% or more below the required baseline. | 75% or less of the applications or application functionality is available. | Must be resolved within three hours |
Operational requirements define the procedures required to maintain the Oracle RAC system and the service-level requirements defined above. Often, operational requirements include information on scheduled maintenance outages, system startup and shutdown, system backups, Oracle RAC system availability, failover procedures, and disaster recovery plans.
You identify operational requirements by asking questions such as
- How do we maintain Oracle RAC system performance baselines?
- How long should maintenance operations take?
- Which maintenance and backup operations should be performed “online”?
- What are the required procedures for shutting down and starting up the system?
- What type of backups should be performed to maximize system recoverability?
- How do we prepare for disasters?
A sample Oracle RAC operational requirements list is shown below.
| Scheduled Maintenance Outages | The last weekend of every month will be reserved for Oracle RAC system maintenance operations. The outage will not last more than 56 hours, starting Friday evening. These outages will be reserved for maintenance operations that cannot be performed “online.” |
| System Backups | Full backups will be run online on the weekends, with incremental backups performed in the evenings during the week. Four weeks’ worth of backups will be maintained on tape, with one day’s worth of backups maintained on disk. |
| Failover Procedures | All application sessions should fail over to available Oracle RAC nodes in the event of a single-node failure. In the event of a localized disaster in which all Oracle RAC nodes are unavailable, the local standby environment should come online within three hours. |
| Disaster Recovery Procedures | In the event of a sitewide disaster, the off-site standby environment will be brought online within three hours. |
| System Capacity | The system should support our current user load, with a projected two-year user increase, and support the current set of applications. In the event that the system is not keeping up with the user load, additional Oracle RAC nodes will be added. Processor, memory, and storage requirements will be based on data gathered on current application performance on the existing hardware. |
Avoiding Pitfall #4: Obtain approval and official “sign-off” for service-level and operational requirements from system end users, customers, and operational staff. This may include negotiating the terms of performance, availability, and the appropriate responses to system failures.
Step 4 – Defining the Project Schedule
The last step in the requirements definition phase is defining the project schedule. Schedule development is one of the most critical factors of project success, because you need to make sure you have enough time to build your Oracle RAC solution while meeting all of the requirements defined above.
Schedule development involves detailing all of the tasks involved in building the system, assigning a duration to each task, and sequencing the tasks in the optimal order.
Avoiding Pitfall #5: Strive for clear communication of any time constraints (documented in Step 1) to the entire project team when developing the project schedule. Seek input from all team members to estimate and plan the project schedule accurately.
Occasionally, multiple tasks in your project schedule can be performed at the same time. Strategically parallelizing your work efforts often leads to on-time delivery and reduced project costs.
A sample high-level Oracle RAC project schedule is shown below. It demonstrates common tasks performed during an Oracle RAC deployment.
| Task Name | Duration | Start | Finish | Prerequisite Task | |
| 1 | Server hardware configuration | 2 days | Thu 12/1/2005 | Fri 12/2/2005 | |
| 2 | Shared storage configuration | 1 day | Thu 12/1/2005 | Thu 12/1/2005 | |
| 3 | OS install | 1 day | Mon 12/5/2005 | Mon 12/5/2005 | 1 |
| 4 | Network configuration | 1 day | Tue 12/6/2005 | Tue 12/6/2005 | 3 |
| 5 | Oracle Database Software install | 1 day | Wed 12/7/2005 | Wed 12/7/2005 | 4 |
| 6 | Database build | 2 days | Thu 12/8/2005 | Fri 12/9/2005 | 5 |
| 7 | Data load | 5 days | Mon 12/12/2005 | Fri 12/16/2005 | 6 |
| 8 | Unit testing | 2 days | Mon 12/19/2005 | Tue 12/20/2005 | 7 |
| 9 | Stress/integration testing | 5 days | Wed 12/21/2005 | Thu 12/29/2005 | 8 |
| 10 | Failover testing | 2 days | Fri 12/30/2005 | Tue 1/3/2005 | 9 |
| 11 | Backup-and-recovery testing | 19 days | Wed 12/12/2006 | Wed 1/4/2005 | 5 |
| 12 | System integration | 5 days | Thu 1/5/2006 | Wed 1/11/2006 | 11 |
| … | … |
An appropriately detailed project schedule enables the Oracle RAC team to track the project schedule’s progress while assisting it in proactively responding to schedule delays. When a schedule change is required, make sure you thoroughly document the changes. The original project schedule, along with the report of changes, creates a powerful tool for estimating project schedules for future projects.
Avoiding Pitfall #6: Take advantage of multiple tasks that can be performed at the same time. In the project schedule above, note how Task #11 can run simultaneously with Task #7 through Task #10.
After defining and documenting the project scope, project team, service-level requirements, and project schedule, implement a strong change-control system. Carefully manage any changes to the requirements, to keep the costs within budget and the project on schedule.
Technical Architecture Design and Build
The second major phase in delivering a successful RAC implementation is determining and implementing the technical architecture specifications of your Oracle RAC deployment. The technical architecture details the hardware, software, and configuration that will constitute the new system. Because most Oracle RAC implementations focus on moving from single-instance environments to Oracle RAC instance environments without a complete redesign of their applications and databases, you will both design and build the Oracle RAC environment as you proceed through this phase.
The following steps explain how to transform the requirements into a working design.
Step 1 – Determine the Hardware and Software Specifications
This step involves taking the service-level requirements and operational requirements, defined above, and translating them into hardware and software specifications. It also considers hardware compatibility, specific operating system requirements, and Oracle RAC–specific software requirements.
Use the Hardware/Software Considerations Chart below as a checklist and for documenting the decisions made in this step. For your individual implementation, fill in the actual hardware-component and software-component items you are using for your project.
When filling in this chart, ask questions such as
- Does the component assist in meeting service-level requirements?
- Is the component and the quantity of this component sufficient to meet the operational requirements?
- Is the component compatible and/or certified to work with the other hardware components?
- Is the component compatible and/or certified to work with the operating system?
- Does the component meet the Oracle RAC software requirements?
- Is Oracle RAC certified and supported to run on the component?
Avoiding Pitfall #7: Ensure that the Oracle RAC project team knows the capabilities and features for each of the components constituting the Oracle RAC system and that all of the components are certified to work together. You can reduce your Oracle RAC project risks via the appropriate technical training and proof-of-concept testing.
| Components | Meets Project Requirements? | Meets OS Requirements? | Meets Oracle RAC Requirements? | Compatible with Other Hardware/Software Components? |
| Hardware Component | ||||
| Server (# of nodes) | ||||
| Processor (# CPUs per node) | ||||
| Memory (GB per node) | ||||
| HBA(s) | ||||
| Network cards (# cards per node) | ||||
| Local disk (GB per node) | ||||
| SAN/shared storage (# of GB) | ||||
| Software Component | ||||
| Operating system | ||||
| Hardware drivers | ||||
| Volume management/ multipathing software *includes ASM, RAW, or OCFS volume management decisions | ||||
| Oracle Clusterware/Oracle Database software | ||||
| Oracle client software |
Avoiding Pitfall #8: If you’re moving to an entirely new hardware and/or software platform, make sure to test your applications. Changing platforms may require adding additional processors or memory to meet service-level requirements.
Step 2 – Implementing the Specifications
After completing the checklist above, it’s time to construct the Oracle RAC environment.
These tasks include the following:
- Configure the Server Hardware
- Install the CPUs, memory, and local disk
- Install and configure the HBAs, network cards, and networking components
- Configure the hardware interconnects
- Install and configure storage switch devices, and attach them to shared storage
- Configure the Operating System
- Install the operating system
- Configure operating system kernel parameters
- Configure the hangcheck-timer or interconnect heartbeat module
- Create operating system user groups and users
- Create and configure shared storage devices
- Install and configure raw partitions or Oracle Cluster File System
- Configure Secure Shell (SSH)
- Configure the Oracle Software
- Install Oracle Clusterware
- Install the Oracle server software
- Configure Automatic Storage Management (ASM)
- Create the databases
- Create the database instances
- Create services
- Create Oracle Clusterware application profiles
- Operational Tasks
- Perform data loads
- Perform index builds
- Set up OS and database backups
- Create standby/Oracle Data Guard environments
- Install and configure performance monitoring utilities, such as
Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control
RAC System Testing
An Oracle RAC test strategy should consist of at least four types of testing: proof-of-concept testing, unit testing, integration testing, and load testing.
This test strategy is not a function that is to be performed separately from the above phases; instead, it is a process that is integrated into the Definition, Design, and Build phases.
This section highlights the four types of testing and identifies the project phase in which each test should be performed.
Proof-of-Concept Testing
Proof-of-concept testing is testing of the feasibility of a concept. It can mean testing a new technology, a new software architecture, or new hardware. Proof-of-concept testing allows the project team to test the validity of project decisions and gives them the ability to quickly make important decisions about the project’s direction. Proof-of-concept testing is usually performed during the Service-Level-Requirements and Technical Architecture Design and Build steps.
| Test | Description | Project Phases | Benefits |
| Proof-of-concept test | Validates or invalidates project decisions, specifically in regard to hardware and software decisions |
| Allows the project team to make “go/no-go” project decisions |
Unit Testing
Unit testing involves the testing of a single hardware or software component or the testing of a single application or application module. This isolated test determines whether a single component or module is working within its specified requirements.
Oracle 10g Release 2 includes a verification utility called Cluster Verification Utility (CVU), which is a tool for unit-testing the hardware and software configuration of an Oracle RAC node. Use the utility for verifying the configuration of the Oracle RAC node, for checking the operating system, and for checking the network setup.
One important element of unit testing is the inclusion of “destructive testing,” in which the tester simulates abnormal activity and tries to break the system. An example of a destructive test in an Oracle RAC environment is to intentionally corrupt your Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) and perform the steps required to get the system up and running again. A test such as this allows the team to identify vulnerable areas in the system and to prepare an action plan.
| Test | Description | Project Phases | Benefits |
| Unit test | Tests individual hardware, software, and application components and includes “destructive testing” activity to identify weak points in the system | Technical Architecture Build tasks:
| Verifies that individual components and modules are working |
Integration Testing
Integration testing involves verifying that multiple hardware, software, or application modules are working together. Integration tests determine if the system is running according to specifications.
| Test | Description | Project Phases | Benefits |
| Integration test | Tests multiple hardware, software, and application components running together | Technical Architecture Build tasks:
| Verifies that integrated components and modules are working together |
Stress Testing
Stress testing, also referred to as load testing or system testing, is an end-to-end test that simulates a live production load. It is used to determine if the system can sustain production usage levels and if service-level requirements can be met and to gather performance data. It is also used to predict current and future usage capacity. Stress testing is often performed after all of the above tests return with positive results and after the hardware, software, and application components have been fully configured. Because it represents a major project milestone, it can be considered a separate project phase.
| Test | Description | Project Phases | Benefits |
| Stress test | Simulates a live production load on the system | Stress testing | Verifies that the system is ready for production usage |
Avoiding Pitfall #9: Testing can consume large amounts of time and money. Carefully weigh the benefits of your test plan against the resources required to perform the tests and against the risks of having system failures in production.
Operational Readiness
When should you go live with your new system?
The previous project phases and their associated steps facilitate a litmus test for assessing the readiness of the new system. Although the specifics of a completion checklist will depend on your particular site, the following generic outline will help you define, design, build, and test your Oracle RAC implementation.
Deciding your operational readiness depends on the number of completed tasks, the amount of time left in the project schedule to complete any uncompleted tasks, and the stability of the new system in its current state. It also depends on how many of the project requirements have been met.
Below is a detailed project plan with all of the implementation phases and steps this article has covered. It includes an integrated test plan and a “Critical to Launch?” column to help you determine if that particular item is absolutely required to bring the system online—or if that particular item can be brought online after the system launch.
| Task | Task Description | Critical to Launch? | Completed? |
| DEFINE | Requirements Definition | ||
| Project scope definition | Defines the high-level business goals of the project | ||
| Project team definition | Defines the project team | ||
| Service-level-requirements definition | Defines the service-level requirements | ||
| Operational requirements definition | Defines the operational requirements | ||
| Proof-of-concept test | Familiarizes the team in a preliminary way with the technologies involved, to help define the project schedule and to prepare for the Design and Build phase | ||
| Project schedule definition | Defines the project schedule | ||
| DESIGN AND BUILD | Technical Architecture Design and Build | ||
| Hardware and software specification | Determines the hardware and software components to be used for the project | ||
| Proof-of-concept test | Validates the hardware and software component choices | ||
| Server hardware configuration | Builds the server hardware | ||
| Operating system configuration | Installs and configures the operating system | ||
| Server unit test | Tests the node unit, using the CVU to prevalidate the server configuration before you install Oracle Database | ||
| Operating system unit test | Tests the OS unit, using the CVU to validate the OS configuration before you install Oracle Database Software | ||
| Network unit test | Tests the node unit, using the CVU to validate the network configuration before you install Oracle Database | ||
| Oracle software configuration | Installs and configures the Oracle Database software | ||
| Integration test | Verifies that all of the hardware and software components are working, by creating a test Oracle RAC database, for example | ||
| Operational tasks | Ready the system for stress testing and production usage | ||
| Integration test | Verifies that applications run properly in the new Oracle RAC environment | ||
| TEST | Oracle RAC System Testing | ||
| Stress test | Simulates a production load on the Oracle RAC system |
Summary
During the previous three project phases, you identified the core project goals, identified the project requirements, translated the requirements into specifications, and created a test plan. Further, you created criteria for determining the Oracle RAC implementation’s operational readiness. It all adds up to become your Oracle RAC implementation project plan.
This plan becomes an invaluable tool, getting you to your final destination and allowing you to foresee any problems along the way. Using such a plan can guarantee a successful Oracle RAC implementation—delivering on time and on budget.
Christopher Haskins ( Christopher108@gmail.com ) is a senior level Oracle technology consultant and project manager. He is a Project Management Professional (PMP), Oracle Certified Professional (OCP), and Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE).
来自 “ ITPUB博客 ” ，链接：http://blog.itpub.net/26701168/viewspace-1785059/，如需转载，请注明出处，否则将追究法律责任。
转载于:http://blog.itpub.net/26701168/viewspace-1785059/
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