读《Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning》

《Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning》于2018年2月发于世界顶级期刊《Cell》上,这里记录下阅读笔记.

首先我觉得,这个文章成功有两个关键的点,一个是文章的目的,就是解决实际中的严峻问题,对医学没有深入接触是很难知道 的,其次就是大量的数据,这就需要医院和人力资源了,最后还引用别人所提出的方法对结果做出了一定程度上的依据解释。其他算法和模型方面都是一般性的套路.

数据和代码地址:‘https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/rscbjbr9sj/2’

亮点

1,首次使用如此庞大的标注好的高质量数据进行迁移学习,来建立人工智能系统;

2,基于光学相干断层成像(OCT)数据有效进行图像黄斑变性和糖尿病视网膜黄斑水肿的识别和严重性定量评估;

3,准确区分患儿胸部X光片上的细菌和病毒性肺炎(差异性分析和准确判断)

目标:

利用迁移学习识别视网膜(OCT)图像中的类别,同时也用迁移学习测试了胸部X光片的肺炎识别.


细化结论:

其中2中的数据为20万病例的OCT图像,两类分类准确性96.6%,灵敏性97.8%,特异性97.4%,检测准确率达到曲线下面积99.9%,与训练有素的眼科医生媲美(5名对比),30s内给出是否应该接受治疗。具体算法和使用的数据在PPT绘制后截图如下:


其中3的细化为:儿童肺炎病原学类型秒级判定,实现AI精确指导抗生素合理使用。数据是招募了多科室顶级专家,结合病原学检测结果、治疗方案及效果,历时14个月对正常儿童和各类型肺炎儿童的胸部X光片进行了标注。该平台效果如下:

  1.  准确率灵敏性特异性准确率曲线下面积
    肺炎和健康状态分类92.8%93.2%90.1%96.8%
    细菌性肺炎和病毒性肺炎90.7%88.6%90.9%94%


肺炎预后的关键是能否根据肺炎的病原学类型精准用药,该平台可以实现秒级判定,也即可以实现AI精确指导抗生素合理使用。具体为:


AI判断依据:

使用遮挡测试,反复学习,实践,平台显示从图像的哪个区域得出诊断结果(强调识别出来的病变区域作为解释)。

遮挡测试:


学习的点:

1,OCT扫描的水平中心凹切片就是一张二维图,可直接判断该文章所述的三类病变,且三类病变中前两者需紧急治疗,后者可正常治疗;类比胸部X光片的肺炎检测,识别出不同类别会有不同的治疗紧急程度,对于预后都有重大作用。

2,遮挡测试。


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Foreword Computational Medical Image Analysis has become a prominent field of research at the intersection of Informatics, Computational Sciences, and Medicine, supported by a vibrant community of researchers working in academics, industry, and clinical centers. During the past few years, Machine Learning methods have brought a revolution to the Computer Vision community, introducing novel efficient solutions to many image analysis problemsthat had long remained unsolved.For this revolution to enter the field of Medical Image Analysis, dedicated methods must be designed which take into account the specificity of medical images. Indeed, medical images capture the anatomy and physiology of patients through the measurements of geometrical, biophysical, and biochemical properties of their living tissues. These images are acquired with algorithms that exploit complex med- ical imaging processes whose principles must be well understood as well as those governing the complex structures and functions of the human body. The book Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis edited by S. Kevin Zhou, Hayit Greenspan, and Dinggang Shen, top-notch researchers from both academia and industry in designing machine learning methods for medical image analysis, cov- ers state-of-the-art reviews of deep learning approaches for medical image analysis, including medical image detection/recognition, medical image segmentation, medi- cal image registration, computer aided diagnosis and disease quantification, to name some of the most important addressed problems. The book, which starts with an in- troduction to Convolutional Neural Networks for Computer Vision presents a set of novel deep learning methods applied to a variety of clinical problems and imaging modalities operating at various scales, including X-ray radiographies, Magnetic Res- onance Imaging, Computed Tomography, microscopic imaging, ultrasound imaging, etc. This impressive collection of excellent contributions will definitely se

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