Linux System Programming note 9 ——Memory Management

1. Allocating Dynamic Memory

#include <stdlib.h>

void *malloc(size_t size);

2. Allocating Arrays

#include <stdlib.h>

void *calloc(size_t nr, size_t size);//分配的内存被初始化为0

3. Resizing Allocations

#include <stdlib.h>

void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);

4. Freeing Dynamci Memory

#include <stdlib.h>

void free(void *ptr);

5. Alignment

Allocating aligned memory

#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600

#define _GNU_SOURCE

#include <stdlib.h>

int posix_memalign(void **memptr, size_t alignment, size_t size);

6. Managing the Data Segment

#include <unistd.h>

int brk(void *end);

void *sbrk(intptr_t increment);

7. Adcanced Memory Allocation

#include <malloc.h>

int mallopt(int param, int value);

param:

M_CHECK_ACTION

M_MMAP_MAX

M_MMAP_THRESHOLD

M_NXFAST

M_PERTURB

M_TOP_PAD

M_TRIM_THRESHOLD

8. Fine-Tuning with malloc_usable_size() and malloc_trim()

#include <malloc.h>

size_t malloc_usable_size(void *ptr); //返回实际上分配的内存的大小，可能比请求分配的内存大

#include <malloc.h>

int malloc_trim(size_t padding);

9. Debugging Memory Allocations

$ MALLOC_CHECK_=1 ./rudder

10. Obtaining Statistics

#include <malloc.h>

struct mallinfo mallinfo(void);

struct mallinfo {

     int arena;

     

};

11. Stack-Based Allocation

#include <alloca.h>

void *alloca(size_t size);

12. Duplicating String on the Stack

#define _GNU_SOURCE

#include  <string.h>

char *strdupa(const char *s);

char *strndupa(const char *s, size_t n);

13. Manipulating Memory

13.1 Setting Bytes

#include <string.h>

void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t n);

#include <strings.h>

void bzero(void *s, size_t n); //已经过时了，原存在于BSD中，现在建议使用memset()

13.2 Comparing Bytes

#include <string.h>

int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);

#include <strings.h>

int bcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n); //已经过时了，原存在于BSD中

13.3 Moving Bytes

#include <string.h>

void *memmove(void *dst, const void *src, size_t n);

#include <strings.h>

void bcopy(const void *src, void *dst, size_t n); //已经过时了，原存在于BSD中

#include <string.h>

void *memcpy(void *dst, const void *src, size_t n);

#include <string.h>

void *memccpy(void *dst, const void *src, int c, size_t n);  //拷贝n个字符中c前的字符，返回地址为c字符之后开始的地址。

13.4 Searching Bytes

#include <string.h>

void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n);

#define _GNU_SOURCE

#include <string.h>

void *memrchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n);  //从后面向前搜索

#define _GNU_SOURCE

#define <string.h>

void *memmem(const void *haystack, 

                        size_t haystacklen, 

                        const void *needle,

                        size_t needlelen);   //从haystack返回needle Bytes

14. Locking Memory

14.1 Locking Part of an Address Space

#include <sys/mman.h>

int mlock(const void *addr, size_t len);

14.2 Locking All of an Address Space

#include <sys/mman.h>

int mlockall(int flags);

flags:

MCL_CURRENT

MCL_FUTURE

14.3 Unlocking Memory

#include <sys/mman.h>

int munlock(const void *addr, size_t len);

int munlockall(void);

默认情况下内存锁定最大为32k

14.4 Is a Page in Physical Memory?

#include <unistd.h>

#include <sys/mman.h>

int mincore(void *start,

                 size_t length,

                 unsigned char *vec);