延迟加载
延迟加载（lazy load）是（也成为懒加载）Hibernate关联关系对象默认的加载方式，延迟加载机制是为了避免一些无谓的性能开销而提出来的，所谓延迟加载就是当在真正需要数据的时候，才真正执行数据加载操作。
通常将延迟加载分为两类：**一类叫做类级别延迟，另一个叫做关联级别的延迟。**类级别的延迟指的是查询某个对象的时候，是否采用有延迟，这个通常在< class >标签上配置lazy属性。关联级别的延迟指的是，查询一个对象的关联对象的是否采用延迟加载。这个通常在< set >或 < many-to-one >上配置lazy属性。
类级别的延迟加载
使用load方法检索某个对象的时候，这个类是否采用延迟加载的策略，就是类级别的延迟。类级别的延迟一般在< class >上配置lazy属性，lazy的默认是true。默认是延迟加载的，所以使用load方法去查询的时候，不会马上发送SQL语句，当真正使用该对象的时候，才会发送SQL语句。
Customer customer = session.load(Customer.class, 1l);
如果不想使用延迟加载也有很多方法，最简单的就是将这个类的映射文件上的lazy属性设置为false，当然也可以将这个持久化类改为final修饰，这样该类就无法生成代理，使延迟加载失效。
关联级别的延迟加载
Customer customer = session.get(Customer.class, 1l);
Set<LinkMan> linkMans = customer.getLinkMans();
通过客户查询其关联的联系人对象，在查询联系人的时候是否采用延迟加载成为关联级别的延迟。关联级别的延迟通常是在< set > 和 < many-to-one >上进行配置。
< set >标签上的lazy通常有三个取值：
- true：默认值，采用延迟加载
- false：检索关联对象的时候，不采用延迟加载
- extra：及其懒惰的
< many-to-one >标签上的lazy通常有三个取值：
- proxy：默认值，是否采用延迟取决于一的一方类上的lazy属性的值
- false：检索关联对象的时候，不采用延迟加载
- no-proxy：基本不使用
抓取策略
抓取策略是当应用程序需要在（Hibernate实体对象图的）关联关系间进行导航的时候，Hibernate如何获取关联对象的策略。
Hibernate的抓取策略是Hibernate提升性能的一种手段，可以在获取关联对象的时候，对发送的语句进行优化。
抓取策略通过在关联对象的标签上配置fetch属性完成。关联上分为是在< set > 和 < many-to-one >上，也都有不同的取值。
< set >标签上的fetch通常有三个取值：
- select：默认值，发送的是普通的select语句查询
- join：发送一条迫切左外连接区查询
- subselect：发送一条子查询语句查询其关联对象
< many-to-one >标签上的fetch有两个取值：
- select：默认值，发送一条普通的select语句查询关联对象
- join：发送一条迫切左外连接语句查询其关联对象
测试
< set >上配置的fetch有三个值，lazy有三个值，这样就会产生很多种效果，但是，如果fetch设置为join，lazy就会失效。
创建表
cst_customer与cst_linkman是一对多关系，cust_id为外键。
cst_customer表：
cst_linkman表：
创建实体类
Customer类：
public class Customer {
//主键
private Long cust_id;
private String cust_name;
private String cust_source;
private String cust_industry;
private String cust_level;
private String cust_linkman;
private String cust_phone;
private String cust_mobile;
//使用set集合,表达一对多关系
private Set<LinkMan> linkMens = new HashSet<LinkMan>();
public Set<LinkMan> getLinkMens() {
return linkMens;
}
public void setLinkMens(Set<LinkMan> linkMens) {
this.linkMens = linkMens;
}
public Long getCust_id() {
return cust_id;
}
public void setCust_id(Long cust_id) {
this.cust_id = cust_id;
}
public String getCust_name() {
return cust_name;
}
public void setCust_name(String cust_name) {
this.cust_name = cust_name;
}
public String getCust_source() {
return cust_source;
}
public void setCust_source(String cust_source) {
this.cust_source = cust_source;
}
public String getCust_industry() {
return cust_industry;
}
public void setCust_industry(String cust_industry) {
this.cust_industry = cust_industry;
}
public String getCust_level() {
return cust_level;
}
public void setCust_level(String cust_level) {
this.cust_level = cust_level;
}
public String getCust_linkman() {
return cust_linkman;
}
public void setCust_linkman(String cust_linkman) {
this.cust_linkman = cust_linkman;
}
public String getCust_phone() {
return cust_phone;
}
public void setCust_phone(String cust_phone) {
this.cust_phone = cust_phone;
}
public String getCust_mobile() {
return cust_mobile;
}
public void setCust_mobile(String cust_mobile) {
this.cust_mobile = cust_mobile;
}
}
LinkMan类：
//联系人实体
public class LinkMan {
//主键
private Long lkm_id;
private Character lkm_gender;
private String lkm_name;
private String lkm_phone;
private String lkm_email;
private String lkm_qq;
private String lkm_mobile;
private String lkm_memo;
private String lkm_position;
//表达多对一关系,外键
private Customer customer ;
public Customer getCustomer() {
return customer;
}
public void setCustomer(Customer customer) {
this.customer = customer;
}
public Long getLkm_id() {
return lkm_id;
}
public void setLkm_id(Long lkm_id) {
this.lkm_id = lkm_id;
}
public Character getLkm_gender() {
return lkm_gender;
}
public void setLkm_gender(Character lkm_gender) {
this.lkm_gender = lkm_gender;
}
public String getLkm_name() {
return lkm_name;
}
public void setLkm_name(String lkm_name) {
this.lkm_name = lkm_name;
}
public String getLkm_phone() {
return lkm_phone;
}
public void setLkm_phone(String lkm_phone) {
this.lkm_phone = lkm_phone;
}
public String getLkm_email() {
return lkm_email;
}
public void setLkm_email(String lkm_email) {
this.lkm_email = lkm_email;
}
public String getLkm_qq() {
return lkm_qq;
}
public void setLkm_qq(String lkm_qq) {
this.lkm_qq = lkm_qq;
}
public String getLkm_mobile() {
return lkm_mobile;
}
public void setLkm_mobile(String lkm_mobile) {
this.lkm_mobile = lkm_mobile;
}
public String getLkm_memo() {
return lkm_memo;
}
public void setLkm_memo(String lkm_memo) {
this.lkm_memo = lkm_memo;
}
public String getLkm_position() {
return lkm_position;
}
public void setLkm_position(String lkm_position) {
this.lkm_position = lkm_position;
}
}
配置ORM元数据：
Customer.hbm.xml：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping package="pers.zhang.domain" >
<class name="Customer" table="cst_customer" >
<id name="cust_id" >
<generator class="native"></generator>
</id>
<property name="cust_name" column="cust_name" ></property>
<property name="cust_source" column="cust_source" ></property>
<property name="cust_industry" column="cust_industry" ></property>
<property name="cust_level" column="cust_level" ></property>
<property name="cust_linkman" column="cust_linkman" ></property>
<property name="cust_phone" column="cust_phone" ></property>
<property name="cust_mobile" column="cust_mobile" ></property>
<set name="linkMens" inverse="true" cascade="all" >
<key column="lkm_cust_id" ></key>
<one-to-many class="LinkMan" />
</set>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
LinkMan.hbm.xml：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping package="pers.zhang.domain" >
<class name="LinkMan" table="cst_linkman" >
<id name="lkm_id" >
<generator class="native"></generator>
</id>
<property name="lkm_gender" ></property>
<property name="lkm_name" ></property>
<property name="lkm_phone" ></property>
<property name="lkm_email" ></property>
<property name="lkm_qq" ></property>
<property name="lkm_mobile" ></property>
<property name="lkm_memo" ></property>
<property name="lkm_position" ></property>
<many-to-one name="customer" column="lkm_cust_id" class="Customer" ></many-to-one>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
准备数据：
测试默认情况(未设置抓取策略和延迟加载)：
@Test
public void fun8() {
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//查询一号客户,发送一条select语句查询一号客户
Customer customer = session.get(Customer.class, 1l);
//获得一号客户的联系人数量，发送一条select语句查询1号客户的所有联系人
System.err.println(customer.getLinkMens().size());
tx.commit();
}
运行测试输出：
7
< set >上配置fetch=“select” lazy=“true”:
<set name="linkMens" lazy="true" fetch="select">
<key column="lkm_cust_id" ></key>
<one-to-many class="LinkMan" />
</set>
//集合级别的关联
//fetch:select 单表查询
//lazy:true 使用时才加载集合数据.
@Test
public void fun1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//----------------------------------------------------
Customer c = session.get(Customer.class, 2l);
Set<LinkMan> linkMens = c.getLinkMens();//关联级别
System.out.println(linkMens);
//----------------------------------------------------
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
通过在打印语句前设置断点可知，在打印前并未加载集合数据，确认为懒加载。
< set >上配置fetch=“select” lazy=“false”:
<set name="linkMens" lazy="false" fetch="select">
<key column="lkm_cust_id" ></key>
<one-to-many class="LinkMan" />
</set>
立即加载数据
< set >上配置fetch=“select” lazy=“extra”:
<set name="linkMens" lazy="extra" fetch="select">
<key column="lkm_cust_id" ></key>
<one-to-many class="LinkMan" />
</set>
//fetch:select 单表查询
//lazy:extra 极其懒惰.与懒加载效果基本一致. 如果只获得集合的size.只查询集合的size(count语句)
@Test
public void fun3(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//----------------------------------------------------
Customer c = session.get(Customer.class, 2l);
Set<LinkMan> linkMens = c.getLinkMens();//关联级别
System.out.println(linkMens.size());
//----------------------------------------------------
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
运行测试，Hibernate打印：
Hibernate:
select
customer0_.cust_id as cust_id1_0_0_,
customer0_.cust_name as cust_nam2_0_0_,
customer0_.cust_source as cust_sou3_0_0_,
customer0_.cust_industry as cust_ind4_0_0_,
customer0_.cust_level as cust_lev5_0_0_,
customer0_.cust_linkman as cust_lin6_0_0_,
customer0_.cust_phone as cust_pho7_0_0_,
customer0_.cust_mobile as cust_mob8_0_0_
from
cst_customer customer0_
where
customer0_.cust_id=?
Hibernate:
select
count(lkm_id)
from
cst_linkman
where
lkm_cust_id =?
8
可见获得集合size就只查询集合的size
< set >上配置fetch=“join” lazy=“true| false | extra”:
当fetch设置为join时，lazy属性失效，立即加载
< set >上配置fetch=“subselect” lazy=“true”:
<set name="linkMens" lazy="true" fetch="subselect">
<key column="lkm_cust_id" ></key>
<one-to-many class="LinkMan" />
</set>
@Test
//fetch: subselect 子查询
//lazy: false 立即加载
public void fun6(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//----------------------------------------------------
String hql = "from Customer";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List<Customer> list = query.list();//设置断点，此处查询到所有Customer
for(Customer c:list){
System.out.println(c);//Customer已经加载了，直接打印
System.out.println(c.getLinkMens().size());//通过子查询，查询所有linkMan
System.out.println(c.getLinkMens());//打印
}
//----------------------------------------------------
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
Hibernate:
select
customer0_.cust_id as cust_id1_0_,
customer0_.cust_name as cust_nam2_0_,
customer0_.cust_source as cust_sou3_0_,
customer0_.cust_industry as cust_ind4_0_,
customer0_.cust_level as cust_lev5_0_,
customer0_.cust_linkman as cust_lin6_0_,
customer0_.cust_phone as cust_pho7_0_,
customer0_.cust_mobile as cust_mob8_0_
from
cst_customer customer0_
//此处为断点
Customer [cust_id=1, cust_name=百度, cust_level=null]
Hibernate:
select
linkmens0_.lkm_cust_id as lkm_cus10_1_1_,
linkmens0_.lkm_id as lkm_id1_1_1_,
linkmens0_.lkm_id as lkm_id1_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_gender as lkm_gend2_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_name as lkm_name3_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_phone as lkm_phon4_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_email as lkm_emai5_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_qq as lkm_qq6_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_mobile as lkm_mobi7_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_memo as lkm_memo8_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_position as lkm_posi9_1_0_,
linkmens0_.lkm_cust_id as lkm_cus10_1_0_
from
cst_linkman linkmens0_
where
linkmens0_.lkm_cust_id in (
select
customer0_.cust_id
from
cst_customer customer0_
)
< set >上配置fetch=“subselect” lazy=“false”:
@Test
//fetch: subselect 子查询
//lazy: false 立即加载
public void fun6(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//----------------------------------------------------
String hql = "from Customer";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List<Customer> list = query.list();//断点，查询出所有的Customer及所有的LinkMan
for(Customer c:list){//直接打印即可
System.out.println(c);
System.out.println(c.getLinkMens().size());
System.out.println(c.getLinkMens());
}
//----------------------------------------------------
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
< set >上配置fetch=“subselect” lazy=“extra”:
@Test
//fetch: subselect 子查询
//lazy: extra 极其懒惰
public void fun7(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//----------------------------------------------------
String hql = "from Customer";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List<Customer> list = query.list();//断点，只查询Customer
for(Customer c:list){
System.out.println(c);//打印
System.out.println(c.getLinkMens().size());//断点，只查询size
System.out.println(c.getLinkMens());//查询具体数据
}
//----------------------------------------------------
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
< many-to-one >上配置fetch=“select” lazy=“proxy” Customer上的lazy=“true”:(默认情况):
@Test
//fetch:select 单表查询
//lazy:proxy
//customer-true 懒加载
public void fun1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//----------------------------------------------------
LinkMan lm = session.get(LinkMan.class, 3l);//断点，只查询LinkMan
Customer customer = lm.getCustomer();//获得关联的Customer，不加载
System.out.println(customer);//使用Customer时加载
//----------------------------------------------------
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
< many-to-one >上配置fetch=“select” lazy=“proxy” Customer上的lazy=“false”:
@Test
//fetch:select 单表查询
//lazy:proxy
//customer-false 立即加载
public void fun1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//----------------------------------------------------
LinkMan lm = session.get(LinkMan.class, 3l);//断点，加载LinkMan和对应的Customer（单表查询）
Customer customer = lm.getCustomer();
System.out.println(customer);//直接使用
//----------------------------------------------------
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
< many-to-one >上配置fetch=“join” lazy=“失效” :
@Test
//fetch:join 多表
//lazy: 失效
public void fun3(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//----------------------------------------------------
LinkMan lm = session.get(LinkMan.class, 3l);//多表查询出LinkMan和对应的Customer
Customer customer = lm.getCustomer();
System.out.println(customer);
//----------------------------------------------------
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
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