在C++中,内存分成5个区,他们分别是堆、栈、自由存储区、全局/静态存储区和常量存储区。
栈,就是那些由编译器在需要的时候分配,在不需要的时候自动清楚的变量的存储区。里面的变量通常是局部变量、函数参数等。
堆,就是那些由new分配的内存块,他们的释放编译器不去管,由我们的应用程序去控制,一般一个new就要对应一个delete。如果程序员没有释放掉,那么在程序结束后,操作系统会自动回收。
自由存储区,就是那些由malloc等分配的内存块,他和堆是十分相似的,不过它是用free来结束自己的生命的。
全局/静态存储区,全局变量和静态变量被分配到同一块内存中,在以前的C语言中,全局变量又分为初始化的和未初始化的,在C++里面没有这个区分了,他们共同占用同一块内存区。
常量存储区,这是一块比较特殊的存储区,他们里面存放的是常量,不允许修改(当然,你要通过非正当手段也可以修改,而且方法很多)
Const Data The const data area stores string literals and
other data whose values are known at compile
time. No objects of class type can exist in
this area. All data in this area is available
during the entire lifetime of the program.
Further, all of this data is read-only, and the
results of trying to modify it are undefined.
This is in part because even the underlying
storage format is subject to arbitrary
optimization by the implementation. For
example, a particular compiler may store string
literals in overlapping objects if it wants to.
Stack The stack stores automatic variables. Typically
allocation is much faster than for dynamic
storage (heap or free store) because a memory
allocation involves only pointer increment
rather than more complex management. Objects
are constructed immediately after memory is
allocated and destroyed immediately before
memory is deallocated, so there is no
opportunity for programmers to directly
manipulate allocated but uninitialized stack
space (barring willful tampering using explicit
dtors and placement new).
Free Store The free store is one of the two dynamic memory
areas, allocated/freed by new/delete. Object
lifetime can be less than the time the storage
is allocated; that is, free store objects can
have memory allocated without being immediately
initialized, and can be destroyed without the
memory being immediately deallocated. During
the period when the storage is allocated but
outside the object's lifetime, the storage may
be accessed and manipulated through a void* but
none of the proto-object's nonstatic members or
member functions may be accessed, have their
addresses taken, or be otherwise manipulated.
Heap The heap is the other dynamic memory area,
allocated/freed by malloc/free and their
variants. Note that while the default global
new and delete might be implemented in terms of
malloc and free by a particular compiler, the
heap is not the same as free store and memory
allocated in one area cannot be safely
deallocated in the other. Memory allocated from
the heap can be used for objects of class type
by placement-new construction and explicit
destruction. If so used, the notes about free
store object lifetime apply similarly here.
Global/Static Global or static variables and objects have
their storage allocated at program startup, but
may not be initialized until after the program
has begun executing. For instance, a static
variable in a function is initialized only the
first time program execution passes through its
definition. The order of initialization of
global variables across translation units is not
defined, and special care is needed to manage
dependencies between global objects (including
class statics). As always, uninitialized proto-
objects' storage may be accessed and manipulated
through a void* but no nonstatic members or
member functions may be used or referenced
outside the object's actual lifetime.