shell cd命令在while中不能作用于while外面,cd在for if case中会作用于for和if和case外面

一. 现象

while中cd在退出while后失效，for & if & case中cd在退出块后生效。

1. while中cd在退出while后失效

$ echo line_1 > ~/1
$ echo line_2 >> ~/1

$ pwd;cat ~/1 | while read l;do echo $l;cd /folder2;pwd;done;pwd
/folder1
line_1
/folder2
line_2
/folder2
/folder1

2. for中cd在退出for后仍有效

$ pwd;for l in `cat ~/1`;do echo $l;cd /folder2;pwd;done;pwd
/folder1
line_1
/folder2
line_2
/folder2
/folder2

3. if中cd在退出if后仍有效

$ pwd;if [ "1" == "1" ] ; then cd /folder2;pwd;fi;pwd
/folder1
/folder2
/folder2

4. case中cd在退出case后仍有效

$ pwd;i="1";case $i in 1)cd /folder2;pwd; ;; esac;pwd
/folder1
/folder2
/folder2

二. while & for & if & case块内并没有开新进程

猜测原因，难道while中开了子进程, 而for & if & case 中没有开子进程，所以while中cd无效、for & if & case中cd有效？
来测试一下。
变量"$$"就是当前进程号。

1. while里进程号不变

$ pwd;echo "current pid : $$";cat ~/1 | while read l;do echo $l;cd /folder2;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";done;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";
/folder1
current pid : 20007
line_1
/folder2
current pid : 20007
line_2
/folder2
current pid : 20007
/folder1
current pid : 20007

2. for里进程号不变

$ pwd;echo "current pid : $$";for l in `cat ~/1`;do echo $l;cd /folder2;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";done;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";
/folder1
current pid : 20007
line_1
/folder2
current pid : 20007
line_2
/folder2
current pid : 20007
/folder2
current pid : 20007

3. if里进程号不变

$ pwd;echo "current pid : $$";if [ "1" == "1" ] ; then cd /folder2;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";fi;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";
/folder1
current pid : 20007
/folder2
current pid : 20007
/folder2
current pid : 20007

4. case里进程号不变

$ pwd;echo "current pid : $$";i="1";case $i in 1)cd /folder2;pwd;echo "current pid : $$"; ;; esac;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";
/folder1
current pid : 20007
/folder2
current pid : 20007
/folder2
current pid : 20007

进程号没有变。那有没有开线程？
（虽然linux中线程和进程没有区别。。。）

ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$
可以查看父子进程情况。
这个命令可以过滤查看当前进程（进程号$$）的关联父子进程.PID一列是子进程号，PPID是父进程号。

三. while内开了bash子线程，for & if & case内不会开bash子线程。

1. whlie里多了个bash的子线程

$ pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;cat ~/1 | while read l;do echo $l;cd /folder2;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;done;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;
/folder1
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19230 20007  0 11:27 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
line_1
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19233 20007  0 11:27 pts/20   00:00:00 -bash
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
line_2
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19233 20007  0 11:27 pts/20   00:00:00 -bash
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
/folder1
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19238 20007  0 11:27 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash

其中

peggy    19233 20007  0 11:27 pts/20   00:00:00 -bash

表明
while里多个bash子线程。
ps -ef 子线程可以忽略。

2. wilie里没有新开bash子线程

$ pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;for l in `cat ~/1`;do echo $l;cd /folder2;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;done;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;
/folder1
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19314 20007  0 11:28 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
line_1
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19317 20007  0 11:28 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
line_2
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19319 20007  0 11:28 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19321 20007  0 11:28 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash

3. wilie里没有新开bash子线程

$ pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;if [ "1" == "1" ] ; then cd /folder2;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";fi;pwd;ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19774 20007  0 11:35 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
/folder2
current pid : 20007
/folder2
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19776 20007  0 11:35 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19778 20007  0 11:35 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash

4. wilie里没有新开bash子线程

$ pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;i="1";case $i in 1)cd /folder2;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$; ;; esac;pwd;echo "current pid : $$";ps -ef|grep -e PID -e $$;
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19857 20007  0 11:36 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19859 20007  0 11:36 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash
/folder2
current pid : 20007
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
peggy    19861 20007  0 11:36 pts/20   00:00:00 ps -ef
peggy    20007 20006  0 9月08 pts/20  00:00:00 -bash

四. 结论

1. while中执行cd命令，在退出while后失效，因为会开一个bash子线程来执行while，子线程内（或者子进程内）的cd不会影响到当前进程。
2. for & if & case中执行cd命令，在退出while后仍生效，因为不会开一个bash子线程来执行for & if & cae，所以while & if & case块内cd命令会影响到你进程。