传送门:bzoj3028
题解
Step 1
构造生成函数:
A
(
x
)
=
1
1
−
x
2
A(x)=\dfrac 1{1-x^2}
A(x)=1−x21
B
(
x
)
=
1
+
x
B(x)=1+x
B(x)=1+x
C
(
x
)
=
1
+
x
+
x
2
C(x)=1+x+x^2
C(x)=1+x+x2
D
(
x
)
=
x
1
−
x
2
D(x)=\dfrac {x}{1-x^2}
D(x)=1−x2x
E
(
x
)
=
1
1
−
x
4
E(x)=\dfrac{1}{1-x^4}
E(x)=1−x41
F
(
x
)
=
1
+
x
+
x
2
+
x
3
F(x)=1+x+x^2+x^3
F(x)=1+x+x2+x3
G
(
x
)
=
1
+
x
G(x)=1+x
G(x)=1+x
H
(
x
)
=
1
1
−
x
3
H(x)=\dfrac 1{1-x^3}
H(x)=1−x31
全部卷积起来就是: x ( 1 − x ) 4 \dfrac{x}{(1-x)^4} (1−x)4x
Step 2
f
(
x
)
=
x
(
1
−
x
)
4
f(x)=\dfrac{x}{(1-x)^4}
f(x)=(1−x)4x
花式求解
[
x
n
]
[x^n]
[xn]:
泰勒展开
[ x n ] = f ( n ) ( 0 ) n ! [x^n]=\dfrac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!} [xn]=n!f(n)(0)
引入莱布尼茨公式:
(
f
∗
g
)
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
n
i
)
f
(
i
)
g
(
n
−
i
)
(f *g)^{(n)}=\sum\limits_{i=0}^n\binom{n}{i}f^{(i)}g^{(n-i)}
(f∗g)(n)=i=0∑n(in)f(i)g(n−i)
证明略。
f ( x ) = x , g ( x ) = ( 1 − x ) − 4 f(x)=x,g(x)=(1-x)^{-4} f(x)=x,g(x)=(1−x)−4
由于 f i = 0 ( i ≠ 1 ) f^i=0(i\neq 1) fi=0(i̸=1),所以只需要求 g ( n − 1 ) ( 0 ) g^{(n-1)}(0) g(n−1)(0)即 ( n + 2 ) ! 6 \dfrac{(n+2)!}{6} 6(n+2)!
a n s = n ( n + 2 ) ! n ! 6 = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 6 ans=n\dfrac{(n+2)!}{n!6}=\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{6} ans=nn!6(n+2)!=6n(n+1)(n+2)
广义二项式定理
( x + y ) a = ∑ i = 0 ∞ ( a i ) x i y a − i (x+y)^a=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{\infty}\binom{a}{i}x^i y^{a-i} (x+y)a=i=0∑∞(ia)xiya−i
其中 a < 0 a<0 a<0设 ( a i ) = ∏ k = 0 i − 1 ( a − k ) i ! \binom{a}{i}=\dfrac{\prod\limits_{k=0}^{i-1}(a-k)}{i!} (ia)=i!k=0∏i−1(a−k)
广义二项式展开 ( 1 − x ) − 4 = ∑ i = 0 ∞ ( − 4 i ) ( − x ) i (1-x)^{-4}=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{\infty}\binom{-4}{i}(-x)^i (1−x)−4=i=0∑∞(i−4)(−x)i
[ x n ] = ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( − 4 n − 1 ) = ∏ i = 0 n − 2 ( 4 + i ) ( n − 1 ) ! = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 6 [x^n]=(-1)^{n-1}\binom{-4}{n-1}=\dfrac{\prod\limits_{i=0}^{n-2}(4+i)}{(n-1)!}=\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{6} [xn]=(−1)n−1(n−1−4)=(n−1)!i=0∏n−2(4+i)=6n(n+1)(n+2)
组合意义
1
1
−
x
=
∑
i
=
0
∞
x
i
\dfrac{1}{1-x}=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{\infty}x^i
1−x1=i=0∑∞xi
表示选任意个的生成函数。
1 ( 1 − x ) 4 \dfrac{1}{(1-x)^4} (1−x)41即为选四个自然数和为特定值的方案数。
插板法 ( n − 1 + 3 3 ) = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 6 \dbinom{n-1+3}{3}=\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{6} (3n−1+3)=6n(n+1)(n+2)