TOEFL

Reading

TPO 40-41

1. Polis=city-state
2. Aristocracy贵族
3. blend/breed/bleed区分
4. fledge鸟类羽翼丰满
5. stranglehold on /strangle 压制，勒索
6. obligation：when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy
7. overrule统治，权威

overstate 夸大，夸张

overshoot 突破，超过

overcome-overwhelm-overwork过度工作

1. which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us)
2. embellish润色修饰
3. canopy(树木)顶盖，树冠
4. basin盆地 内域，浴缸
5. spatial空间的，与空间相关的
6. Thermoregulation：词根thermo/thermograph/thermos
7. Amphibian两栖动物 mammal /reptile/ vertebrate
8. glycerin/Glucose 甘油、葡萄糖
9. Acclimatization：long-term exposure to particular conditions适应
10. behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation
11. hibernate/dormant=inactive 冬眠
12. morphological/morphology
13. natterjack蟾蜍
14. at the mercy of 任人摆布，毫无办法
15. domesticate/tame/accustom
16. camouflage/disguise/cloak/veil
17. baboon/chimpanzee/ape/primate/gorilla
18. genus/category/type
19. spleen各种内脏
20. oil/fat/grease/lubricant
21. shrimp/lobster
22. scenario脚本，方案
23. secede/secrete

TPO 39

1. sacred宗教的，神圣的
2. shuffle 洗牌
3. Babylon巴比伦
4. Herbivore食草动物 carnivore
5. Logging伐木

TPO 38

1. photographic film      感光胶片
2. 比较级慎选
3. Extermination灭绝，淘汰
4. Contiguous接近的，接壤的

TPO 42

1. 段落之间的逻辑联系题型：看段首句
2. Formidable敬畏的，有力的、
3. the Grand Canyon科罗拉多大峡谷
4. 句意转换题：关键的逻辑词only but;明确原句中的主语成分
5. Galapagos Island 加拉帕格斯群岛
6. Finch雀类动物
7. Cretaceous白垩纪
8. Constipation 便秘
9. Plankton浮游生物
10. 词意题需要结合上下文
11. Metallic金属的，金属质感的
12. Crater火山坑，陨石坑
13. Tectonic地壳构造的
14. 第33题两句的主干部分在后面，句子的主语是ice

TPO 43

1. Jack: I know jack about fishing. 一窍不通

Jack of all trades 万金油，啥都不精，但什么都会一点

1. Morality/casualty/ mortality
2. Zeus 宙斯
3. Hydrocarbon 烷烃
4. Decomposition分解
5. Carbonate碳酸盐
6. Porous多孔的
7. Nutrient营养物
8. repercussion反响; (间接的)影响; 恶果;
9. seesaw跷跷板
10. Oscillation 振荡，波动
11. Atmospheric大气的
12. Bask 晒太阳
13. Flipper/fin鱼鳍
14. Aerodynamic空气动力学的

TPO 44

1. Radiate扩散
2. Freshwater淡水
3. 有时候4个选项多多少少都有点问题的时候，排除错误更明显的选项。例如：无中生有、硬加比较级、强加因果
4. Precursor先驱
5. Trace 查出，找到，复制，临摹
6. 选项出现的顺序与原文基本保持一致

TPO 45

1. Sparse 稀疏的，空旷的
2. Lichen 地衣
3. Temperate（气候）温和的
4. Vagary 喜怒无常的，阴晴不定的
5. Tentacle
6. Aquifer蓄水池
7. Cram school 补习学校
8. Humming bird 蜂鸟
9. Hybrid 混合物

TPO 46

这篇做的不好，有几点总结的：

句子简化题型：1.范围是否改变2.前半句信息后半句信息最好都要囊括3.逻辑信息4. 差中选优

信息匹配题型：先快读再细读，有争议拿不准的可以先记下

绝对化的选项一般不选

1. Core-mantle-crust
2. Crater陨石坑
3. Vitality
4. Slide 幻灯片
5. 绝对化的选项：free of
6. Redundancy重合性，多余性
7. Procurement采购（尤指为政府或机构）

TPO 47

准确快速地定位信息？

定位信息以后，答案不会隔得太远

1. utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment 实用性的物品
2. Gaul高卢
3. Mythology神话
4. Pretension主张，要求
5. owe much to归功于
6. accentuate强调
7. Termite白蚁
8. Consort配偶
9. Desiccate把什么弄干
10. Subterranean地表下的
11. coral reef珊瑚礁
12. pertinent相关的
13. yet because 然而
14. algae 藻类
15. living creature生物，而非活物
16. made of和made by的区别

TPO 48

句子插入题:one…. Other …

unfortunately，那么该插入句之前首先要有关于“粗略理解”的点，之后要有内容上的转折，即“更精确的理解。

passage3好好再看看，价值很高。推断题，理解题，最好读完一段再做判断

1. prompt鼓动
2. equivocal 模拟两可的 vocal 嗓音的，直言不讳的
3. mummies木乃伊
4. pharaoh法老
5. throne 王位
6. cannibal食人族；同类相食

TPO 49

在自己能在规定时间内完成并且分数也比较稳定的情况下，逼自己快点做可以暴露出更多的问题。

1、加压练习，把时间缩的更紧，让自己的思考、精度都得到提升，以便给考试里遇到的难题预留时间。

2、多做套题,了考场才发现对时间没太多概念，所以大家考前一定要尽可能熟悉考试的一切流程和时间分配。

3.关于6选3题型的解决方法？
样板句（核心词） 看文章的时候有意识总结一下一段的内容

1. radical and irreversible influence
2. passage1 第7题
3. tectonic movement 地壳运动
4. movable type活字印刷术
5. sneer 嘲笑
6. initiative独创性，首创精神
7. canal运河
8. precursor先驱
9. enclosure movement圈地运动
10. 关于火山的一些词汇：

Dormant extinct magma lava eruption boom-blast

Active volcano

TPO 50（8.26复习）

1. Sup-plant取代
2. estate speculation 沉思；投机事业
3. scrap/scrape(摩擦)残渣，废料；废弃，遗弃
4. substitution替代，替换
5. abrogate 废除
6. decree 法令，颁布法令
7. 总结教训，定位找对了但是没有仔细往后阅读，不假思索的选了D，并且没有回文章检验答案。

1. 如果我能多读一点就会发现后面还有对inner core的描述；

2. 如果我能代入原文检验就会发现inner core塌陷缩小是 "under the influence of its own weight

TPO 51

1. Apex 顶点，高峰
2. Node 节点
3. Topography 地形学；地形
4. Tensions(关系紧张) in tense（关系紧密）
5. 绝对性的限制词慎重
6. Sewer 下水道
7. Open garbage垃圾 garage车库
8. Exemplary模范的
9. Surpass /// by a large margin
10. Crusade 十字军东征；正义运动
11. 感情色彩可以帮助解题

TPO 52

1. silt 淤泥
2. alluvial 沉积的
3. semiarid/arid 半干旱的/干旱

TPO 56

1. overcast 阴天，多云的
2. 推断题必须有强烈的逻辑关系
3. Neither nor 既不也不
4. 6选3排除无中生有的，排除明显错误的，排除细节的
5. house of commons 下议院

TPO 57

1. entomologist 昆虫学家
2. arsenic 砒霜  
3. mutation 基因突变
4. nursery stock 苗木
5. adulterate 掺假
6. slapstick 闹剧

TPO 58

1. substitute 替代品substance 物质substantial 大量的
2. neither nor/ either or 不是，就是
3. vocalized 发声
4. communal 公共的 commute
5. tempo texture
6. 六选三题型选项中出现并列因素，而其中一因素自己没有见过时，不要断然否定
7. Day length ≠ day light
8. Germination 发芽
9. Precarious 不稳定的

TPO36

1. Aeration 通风，透气
2. Translocation（染色体）易位mutation 基因突变
3. Flora 植物群
4. Tundra 冻土，苔原
5. Cubic每立方厘米
6. 对比信息注意范围、限制词、主语
7. Aegean Sea爱琴海
8. Leather皮革
9. Springboard起源地
10. Postulate假设，假定surmise/speculate/hypothesis
11. Entangle使缠绕
12. Soot煤烟
13. Hydrological 水文学的

TPO37

1. Girders 钢结构大梁
2. Beam 大梁
3. Hallmark 标志
4. 每一篇做完之后回看选项确定没有点错

TPO 35

1. Aquatic水生的
2. red tides赤潮
3. inhibit阻止
4. nomadic group游牧民族-farming group
5. trauma创伤
6. overshoot超过
7. Neolithic新石器时代
8. Surmise推测
9. Abyss深渊

TPO 34

1. Nectar花蜜
2. Opponent对手，敌对的
3. Protectionist保护主义者
4. Pollen花粉 pollenate授粉
5. Islamic伊斯兰的
6. Calligraphy书法
7. Parchment羊皮纸
8. Proportioned匀称的，比例合适的
9. Koran古兰经

TPO 33

本次阅读题目比较有价值

1. Hub轮轴，引申为地区中心
2. 托福阅读最直接的就是同义替换，别多想
3. Fan out 扇形展开，发展/fan 扇形
4. cash crop经济作物
5. cohesion题型：承上启下，能够接带上文话题，还要能够开启下文话题的能力
6. not…until直到…才 until
7. macroscopic宏观的，肉眼可见的
8. Collectively总的来说
9. Endotherm恒温动物
10. defend的意思是辩护这个观点≠defense、argue
11. meteorite小行星
12. pastoralism 游牧
13. Mesopotamia美索不达美亚
14. Hereditary世袭的
15. Indefinitely不确定的，无穷尽的

真题

1. Jade 玉，翡翠
2. Plankton（挺常见的，会拼写）浮游生物
3. Cohesion题型方法总结：

专有名词的出现顺序

时间顺序（thousands years ago/ now）

出现特指现象、代词

能够承上启下绝对是最优选择

1. 原文词意可以体现在选项句意
2. 加快阅读速度：第一篇阅读控制在17分钟内
3. Paucity 少量，匮乏
4. Faithfully 准确地，如实地
5. Unravel 解体，阐明
6. Calibrate 校准刻度
7. Buffering 缓冲区，保护
8. Encompass 包含
9. Traverse横过，穿过
10. Detour绕过，绕行
11. Ravine=valley

Peak wetland swamp canyon

1. Silicate硅酸盐
2. Terrestrial陆地的，陆栖的
3. Clime气候带
4. Fragmentary残缺不全的
5. Profusion丰富的
6. Demise消逝
7. A Paucity of 较少的
8. Bison野牛
9. Charcoal木炭的，深灰色的
10. Indigenous土著的 progenitor

改革版真题

Splitting apart 分裂

a means of  作为单复同形词："Means" 这个词在表示“手段”或“方法”时，无论是单数还是复数形式，都写作 "means"。这类词称为单复同形词，其他类似的词还有 "species" 和 "series"

discern vs distinguish：后者更正式，前者偏向notice,而非区分

silicate\calcium\magnesium\moss\ liverwort\ fungi\cambium形成层

mundane 普通的 大众的 世俗的This apparently mundane fact turns out to have extremely important consequences for climate and temperature globally. 猜测词义：同义或者必有转折

reservoir/souvenir/

6选3策略和方法：答完第九题句子插入后，重新回到原文，每段总结中心句并过一下每一段的细节，2个选项有明显错误，1个选项不符主旨内容

Listening(开考之前需热身)

so，how,also（双选） 听力意识的分配

在conversation中 讨论内容的转变和递进

语气题当时就进行判断

评分细则

词汇

conversation

receipts

inflammation炎症

reimbursement

intuitive

chronic diseases

humanize

vigorous

knitting 

fundraiser

occupant

flyer

candles 

malfunction

dispatch

assume

生态环境类

parrot

beach 

erosion 

cliff

rock

biodiversity

amphibians两栖动物

aquatic水生的

algae海藻

salamander蝾螈

toad蟾蜍

tadpoles蝌蚪

roosting sites栖息地

quintessential 典型的

counteract抵消

alter/change

permenant

permanently

pristine原始的 prisitine forestland

fungi

pests

cornstalk

orangutan红毛猩猩

lizard

termite

sticks

strip the bark

defense mechanism

surfuric acid

hurricane

Mount Everest

ultraviolet

icon标志

microbial微生物的

科技实验类

fluid 流体

propeller螺旋桨

rudders方向舵

heat conductivity导热

wheels

spring弹簧

substances

bizarre 奇异的，奇特的

staggering 震惊的

historical narrative 历史体叙事

circumstances

squid 乌贼

eject dye

seminar

the last supper最后的晚餐

mural 壁画

bronze 青铜

blueprints/ sketch

grame 污垢污秽

varnish清漆

ceramic陶瓷的

disinfectant=antibiotic抗生素

历史生活类

cooking vessels

dome穹顶

cathedral天主教

vaild=reliable

statue

historians

authenticity

glamorize美化，使有魅力

inexpensive

colonized colony

crescent

salinity salt

irrigate

bloom=thrive=flourish

reign

predecessor祖先

linguistic

worship

rebellin

pottery

ingenuity

Tropical diseases - 热带病

Perishable foods - 易腐食品

Visionary - 有远见的人

Align the inks - 调整油墨

refundable 可退款的

Deduce - 推断

Ridicule - 嘲笑

Archaeologists - 考古学家

advantageous

uniformity/diversity

ruins

domestic animals

beast狩猎

recognition（注意读音）

brittle=fragile=delicate

terrace梯田

repercussion恶果

piracy=pirate

户外活动：stoves/ tents/ camping/canoeing/hikes

生物

Visual cortex

appendages-extremities四肢

Cerebral cortex 大脑皮层

visual cortex

cascade（小瀑布）级联效应

glucose

petscan/ x-ray

neuron

organ

radioactive

hippocampus

moth蛾子

larva幼虫

anatomy 

palaeontologist古生物学家

商业

manager=executives

unethical

malfuntion

文学艺术

soild 实色的

infiltrate渗透

casting

plaster 

replica

durable art

commemorative

Exemplify

deliberately

dramatic

narrative

alienation

alienate

suspenseful endings悬念

sensational 极好的，出众的

melodramtic通俗剧

metaphorical隐喻的

metaphor

fluid dynamics流体力学 turbulence

relativity相对论

psychotic episode精神病发作

psychotic agitation

auction

implicity/ explicitly

ironic/ irony

intermediarties

endure

unholy

rendering描绘

unsympathetic

acclaim赞扬

around the corner呼之欲出

anguish=agony

天文地理类

crater

meteor流星

meteorite陨石

antractic南极

glacial冰川的

Magma=lava

Juipiter

Mercury

Saturn土星

Uranus冥王星

interstellar dust 

asterioids belt

disc

remnant

comet

spherical

dwarf planet

ingredient

sediment

mass extinction

crystal

landslide塌方

mythical 神话的，虚化的

resemble 

crescent新月的

astronomical 天文的

celestial 天空的，宇宙的

milky way galaxy银河系

planetary

star cluster

fleeting短暂的

Big Bang Theory

spiral 螺旋星系revovle绕着旋转

magnetic field

methane

ammonia

immense

condense

molecules 

auroras极光 

unravel /reveal

shrink / contract

venture

circular

elliptical

friction

unforgiving严酷的严峻的

dim

prolific多产的

ocean current

gulf stream

anchored

elusive难以捉摸的

methane/ammonia

satelite

deception/deceptive欺骗

Speaking

独立口语(简单易懂 concrete 提到地点的时候具体 不要空泛)

反思总结：

1. 在表达清楚选项后，先讲每一个分论点，再补充细节支撑。

2. 模板：   reason1 example1; reason2 example2; conclusion

连接词：moreover,in addition,furthermore, in contrast

素材 思路积累

个人经历：

生活经历：野营 看电影 逛博物馆 打电话还是发短息

Leave their comfort and learn to be independent

without being spoiled by their parents

consider the need of others / take care of others

Gain experience and learn from the valuable lessons

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1. Relaxing atmosphere at private spaces：Home—leisure time together

Have fun—not a place for to feel restricted

Sharing opinions, making jokes, and reacting together can foster a sense of closeness and connection among viewers

2. Eager to share my instantaneous thoughts during….Sometimes, movies and shows can be complex or confusing. Understand/clarify  plots=content=motivation of actors.

Saving Private Ryan

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---

Face-to-face or email:

Avoid misunderstanding: facial expression and tone：For example, once I was planning a trip with a friend, and we had a disagreement. When we communicated through text messages, the lack of tone and facial expressions led to misunderstandings. And when we talked..

emergency:例子car accident happened, it would waste a lot of time to send a message for help as typing or receive response take a long time. And make a phone call is the fastest way to get someone noticed.

历史文化：

Visiting museum is the best way to learn about a Country.Touring around a history museum is just like going on a magical journey through the ages

Forbidden-city, which serves 24 emperors of ming and qing dynasty for nearly 400 years. could be a very good place for people to learn and understand China's past. In fact, museums of this kind can be found in many major cities around the globe, like the British Museum, the Canadian War Museum and so forth. Each of them presents a unique history of its nation

学校教育：

图书馆资源：

Allowing the public to enter the university library will only make things worse.

online digital library

limited space and books.

课程选择：往burden上靠

mathmatics: 

1. （Have enough knowledge from high school education）
2. Study pressure in their own major
3. Irrelevant courses take up too much of their time

Arts:

Devote time and energy to the subjects relevant to their future career. Let some students choose to put their energy on subjects like art or literature can result in greater achievement. to their real passion, real interested field.

师生关系

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should not be too friendly to their students.

A friendly teacher can help reduce students' stress and anxiety, particularly when dealing with the pressures of exams and assignments.When teachers are approachable and supportive, students are more likely to feel comfortable discussing their concerns and seeking help, which can alleviate some of the pressures they face

When teachers are friendly and supportive, students are more likely to express their ideas and opinions in class and come up with creative questions or solutions. 举例子

父母教育：

Making mistakes allows children to find reasons by themselves and develop the problem-solving ability.

Parents: should not blame children

                          Guide / tell children how to avoid the mistakes next time

                          How to behave better

Master these skills, children can be well prepared for life without the help from parents

                  Know these skills / organize my everyday life very well

自己的必备例子：I am good at cooking by myself, which impressively saves a lot time for me to focus on study. When I was already finished my dinner, my roommates are still trapped in browsing the food delivery page.

prefer to think on my own pace in a quiet space. during the final week, many students like to spread out reference materials on th table.

During my undergraduate final exam week, I had to study for 10 to 12 hours a day to prepare for my exams and earn the necessary credits.Mathematics, in particular, drained my energy and left me feeling exhausted.

生活方式：

moden techology makes life simpler:

1. saves time:外卖的例子

2. convenient: when facing with adademic problems, i used to seek help from nearby people physically, with the advent of internet, pose questions in online forums and get feedback instantly. 

省钱：

Holding on to old items like books and electronics is economically beneficial. For example, by continuing to use my high school MacBook, I avoid the hefty expense of purchasing a new one. This not only saves money, but also aligns with sustainable practices as it reduces waste and consumption.

综合口语

反思总结：

task2：男女主表达的内容细节和阅读材料一一对证，自己的表达也需要一一对证,

总结阅读材料时用到的句式 as it will xxxx

总结听力材料用到的句式

fully supports this xxx

totally agrees with this xxx；

分别说原因的时候用：highlights notes mentions 

转折 while

关于时态的问题，自己求证一下

task 3&4；句型 的整合和变化

句式变换：after,as, since cause...

涉及到三个变化的时候： leave cutter.
And here comes to third group....

task4时间说满，最后再做总结

这是TPO 54

Task 2模板

阅读材料 However, expresses her/his ....

values/prefers/fears

To address such issue,...

Task 3（1-2-4-2）

一句阅读材料 两句听力对象特征 四句描述变化 两句再做总结

Writing(熟悉考场键盘)

学术写作

vince训练营分享经验：学术写作 模板 快速写作

一定要仔细看题目中老师说的最后一句话，看看老师是让你提出什么观点再下笔。

综合写作：