4.1fundamentals

•  Whenwe apply decltype to an expression (other than a variable), the result is a referencetype if the expression yields an lvalue. 

  As an example, assumep is an int*. Becausedereference yields an lvalue,decltype(*p)is int&. On the other hand, becausethe address-of operator yields an rvalue, decltype(&p)is int**, that is, a pointerto a pointer to typeint. 

  
  

• <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><pre name="code" class="cpp"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cout << i << " " << ++i << endl; // undefined</span>

  Precedence specifies how the operands are grouped. It says nothing about the order in which the operands are evaluated. In most cases, the order is largely unspecified.In the following expression
  

  Because this program is undefined, we cannot draw any conclusions about how itmight behave. The compiler might evaluate++i before evaluating i, in which casethe output will be1 1. Or the compiler might evaluatei first, in which case theoutput will be0 1. Or the compiler might do something else entirely. Because thisexpression has undefined behavior, the program is in error, regardless of what codethe compiler generates. 

  
  

  
  

• There are four operators that do guarantee the order in which operands areevaluated. 

  logical and(&&), logical or(||), conditional(: ?), comma(,)