Python中requests模块源码分析:requests是如何调用urllib3的

1. requests是怎么实现长链接的

今天看一段代码的时候突然想到，requests是怎么实现长链接的？

然后一顿找，大致知道了requests是依靠Session类的请求头实现的（当然自定义请求头也没有问题）

class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):

    __attrs__ = [
        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
        'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
        'max_redirects',
    ]

    def __init__(self):

        self.headers = default_headers()          
............

def default_headers():
    """
    :rtype: requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict
    """
    return CaseInsensitiveDict({
        'User-Agent': default_user_agent(),
        'Accept-Encoding': ', '.join(('gzip', 'deflate')),
        'Accept': '*/*',
        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
    })
可以看到默认请求头就是个长链接keep-alive

2. requests的Session作用是什么

那么requests的Session作用是什么？又是一顿找，最后在requests文档里面找到了这句话

会话对象：会话对象让你能够跨请求保持某些参数。它也会在同一个 Session 实例发出的所有请求之间保持 cookie， 期间使用 urllib3 的 connection pooling 功能。

说白了就是实现了会话维持，真正使我感兴趣并写下这篇文章的，是最后一句话期间使用 urllib3 的 connection pooling 功能。

3. requests的模块在哪调用到了urllib3

那么requests的模块在哪调用到了urllib3？以及connection pooling具体实现了什么？第一个问题我们接下来跟着源码看一看，第二个问题留到下次讨论。

首先来看一看requests的Session类吧

class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
    __attrs__ = [
        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
        'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
        'max_redirects',
    ]

    def __init__(self):

        ...............
        self.adapters = OrderedDict()
        self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
        self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
        ..................

首先在Session类中，初始化方法有一个self.mount()，其中加载了HTTPAdapter()，那么首先来看一下mount方法做了什么

4. Session类中的mount方法做了什么

    def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
        """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.

        Adapters are sorted in descending order by prefix length.
        """
        self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
        keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]

        for key in keys_to_move:
            self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)

    def __getstate__(self):
        state = {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
        return state

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        for attr, value in state.items():
            setattr(self, attr, value)
大致可以看出来，是组成了一个adapters的有序字典，key是http/https，value是HTTPAdapter对象；

    def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
        """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.

        Adapters are sorted in descending order by prefix length.
        """
        self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
        keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]

        for key in keys_to_move:
            self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)

    def __getstate__(self):
        state = {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
        return state

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        for attr, value in state.items():
            setattr(self, attr, value)
大致可以看出来，是组成了一个adapters的有序字典，key是http/https，value是HTTPAdapter对象；

adapters这之后基本上就是在Session类的send方法里面使用了，并没有涉及到pool的概念，重点就在它传递过来的HTTPAdapter这个对象

5. HTTPAdapter对象

首先看一段HTTPAdapter的注释
    Usage::
      >>> import requests
      >>> s = requests.Session()
      >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
      >>> s.mount('http://', a)
      这里写的很清楚了，基本用法就是手动构造s.mount，而在倒数第二行可以看到，可以为HTTPAdapter手动传参，可以看到类有以下几个参数：
      pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,     # 链接池容量
      pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,         # 容量最大值，和上一个是一样的
      max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,           # 重试次数
      pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK           # 链接池是否阻止链接
    
    
class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
    __attrs__ = ['max_retries', 'config', '_pool_connections', '_pool_maxsize',
                 '_pool_block']

    def __init__(self, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
                 pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
                 pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
        else:
            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
        self.config = {}
        self.proxy_manager = {}

        super(HTTPAdapter, self).__init__()

        self._pool_connections = pool_connections
        self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
        self._pool_block = pool_block

        self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)

可以看出来，在这个对象中，定义了pool_connection的一系列属性，而且不仅仅是pool_connection，requests中的一系列配置，都是在这个类中完成proxy_headers/add_headers/request_url，甚至还有两个方法：get_connection/build_response；可以看出Adapter这个类是requests的一个核心类

那我们就从头捋一下requests的源码 # 太占空间了我只贴有用代码了
比如我发送一个post请求：requests.post('127.0.0.1:12345', {'data': 'hello world'})

# 进入requests.api
def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    with sessions.Session() as session:
        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
     
# 返回了一个session的对象，并调用了request方法，进入requests.session
class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
    ...
    def request(self, method, url,
            params=None, data=None, headers=None, cookies=None, files=None,
            auth=None, timeout=None, allow_redirects=True, proxies=None,
            hooks=None, stream=None, verify=None, cert=None, json=None):
            ....
        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)   # 这里进入了send方法，不知道大家有没有印象，上面讲过send函数中调用了adapters，下面我会把具体调用步骤列出来
        return resp
# 到此就和上面的串联了起来，adapters就是HTTPAdapter的对象

6. Session类的send函数调用adapters过程

    def send(self, request, **kwargs):
        .............
        # Get the appropriate adapter to use
        adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url)  # 函数在下方

        # Start time (approximately) of the request
        start = preferred_clock()

        # Send the request
        r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)   # 调用了HttpAdapter的send方法
        ..........
        
        
        
    def get_adapter(self, url):         # 在get_adapter函数中取出了HttpAdapter对象
        for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
            if url.lower().startswith(prefix.lower()):
                return adapter

接下来就看看HTTPAdapter里面的send实现了什么，重头戏来了，下面的是HTTPAdapter类的send函数，注意不要和上面Session类的send搞混了

    def send(self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None):
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)   # 函数在下方
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)

			.........................................# 这一堆都是在配置和判断就略过了
            
                    # Receive the response from the server
                    try:
                        # For Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
                        r = low_conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
                    except TypeError:
                        # For compatibility with Python 3.3+
                        r = low_conn.getresponse()

                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                        r,
                        pool=conn,
                        connection=low_conn,
                        preload_content=False,
                        decode_content=False
                    )
                except:
                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
                    # Then, reraise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                    low_conn.close()
                    raise
		............................................# 这一堆都是在raise各个情况的error也略过了
        return self.build_response(request, resp)

    
    
    # get_connection func
    # 这次注释特意留了下来，从注释可以看出来，send里面的get_connection返回的是一个urllib3链接，到这里终于能从requests的代码跳到urllib3了，而下面的proxy_manager.connection_from_url/self.poolmanager.connection_from_url其实就是在调用urllib3的模块了
    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
        """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
        called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
        :param url: The URL to connect to.
        :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
        :rtype: urllib3.ConnectionPool
        """
        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)

        if proxy:
            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
            proxy_url = parse_url(proxy)
            if not proxy_url.host:
                raise InvalidProxyURL("Please check proxy URL. It is malformed"
                                      " and could be missing the host.")
            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
        else:
            # Only scheme should be lower case
            parsed = urlparse(url)
            url = parsed.geturl()
            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)

        return conn

追着源码跑了半天才看到调用的地方，requests源码不是很多，逻辑也很清晰，当然这里并没有深入的去讲解各个功能的实现，因为感觉太复杂 了，以我的文笔水平大概是写不出来的:P 所以只是简单的介绍了一下对urllib3的引用，有兴趣的童鞋可以自己去看一看，下一次 试着去看一看urllib3的源码

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