python一些小知识点，比较容易忽略

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Thu Apr 29 09:10:35 2021
 
@author: yongj
"""
 
import sys
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from functools import reduce
 
Digital = {"0":0,"1":1,"2":2,"3":3,"4":4,"5":5,"6":6,"7":7,"8":8,"9":9}
 
#map处理到问题的最小成员，reduce按规律重新组合最小成员
def str2num(str):    
    return reduce(lambda x, y: 10 *x +y, map(lambda s: Digital[s], str))
 
class Student(object):
    def __init__(self, a, b):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
    #__slots__ = ("chance", "name", "gender")  '''confine the attrbutes of class,including functions and variety'''
    def setname(self, name):
        self.name = name
         
    def setage(self, age):
        self.__age = age
         
    def getname(self):
        return self.name
     
    def getage(self):
        return self.__age
     
    '''类中__xxx__方法支持外部对对象的调用'''
    def __len__(self):
        return 1
     
    '''turn methodical method to property'''
    @property
    def score(self):
        return self.__score
    @score.setter
    def score(self, score):
        self.__score = score
     
    '''return and cite __str__ when construct the object'''
    def __str__(self):
        return "str function vote when construct"
     
    '''configure one class iterable attributes'''
    def __iter__(self):
        return self     #class is iterable
    def __next__(self):
        self.a, self.b = self.b, self.a + self.b # 计算下一个值
        if self.a > 100000: # 退出循环的条件
            raise StopIteration()
        return self.a # 返回下一个值
    def __getitem__(self, nvalue): #slice operation and []
        if isinstance(nvalue, int):
            a,b = 1,1
            for i in range(nvalue):
                a,b = b, a+b
            return a
                 
        if isinstance(nvalue, slice):
            begin = nvalue.start
            end = nvalue.stop
             
            if nvalue is None:
                begin = 0
                 
            a,b = 1,1
             
            L = []
            for x in range(end):
                if x >= begin:
                    L.append(a)
                a, b = b, a + b
            return L
    #return one atribute in dynamic way
    def __getattr__(self, des):
        if des == "des":
            return "description"
     
    #cite __call__ when object is calling
    def __call__(self):
        return "__call__ cited"
     
if __name__ == "__main__":
     
    '''使用reduce、map的思维过程：一个任务先分解到最小处理，再重新组合'''
    if isinstance(str2num("7897"), int):         
        print(str2num("8967"))   
    '''filter、map、reduce、sorted函数（传入的值均可为tuple list dict set）'''
    #传入列表
    print(list(filter(lambda num : num % 2 == 1, range(0,20))))
    #传入tuple
    print(list(filter(lambda num : num % 2 == 1, tuple(range(0,20)))))
    #传入set集合数据类型
    print(list(filter(lambda num : num % 2 == 1, set(range(0,20)))))
     
    #传入dict默认为对key的操作,可用于操作操作字典的key
    print(list(filter(lambda char: Digital[char] < 6, Digital)))
     
    '''打印一个类全部的方法'''
    print(dir(int))
    print(dir(Student))
     
    s1 = Student(0,1)
    s1.setname("Crazyman")
    print(len(s1))
     
    '''判断对象中是否有某个属性,直接通过对象设定对象相关属性 getattr() 与 .方法一样'''
    if hasattr(s1, 'name'):
        print(getattr(s1, "name"))
        setattr(s1, "name", "Fuckman")
        print(getattr(s1, "name"))
    #直接获取对象的属性
    print(s1.name)
     
    '''关于python面向对象的类属性与实例属性'''
    s1.gender = "woman" #实例属性
    print(dir(s1))  #dir()能够显示类属性与实例属性全部
    print(set(dir(s1)).difference(set(dir(Student)))) #求出实例属性
    #给实例绑定一个方法,给实例绑定的犯法必须参数加上self
    s2 = Student(1,1)
    from types import MethodType
    s2.str2num1 = MethodType(lambda self, str:reduce(lambda x, y:10 * x + y,map(lambda s:Digital[s],str)), s2)
    print(s2.str2num1("8989898"))
 
    #给类在外部绑定一个方法
    Student.str2num =  lambda self, str:reduce(lambda x, y: 10 *x + y,map(lambda char :Digital[char], str))  
    #Student.str2num2 = str2num
    print(s1.str2num("345"))
 
    #turn methodical function into getting property transferation using @property and @functionname.setter
    s1.score = 100
    print(s1.score)
    print(Student(0,1)) #cite the function of __str__ when construct object
     
    '''Student is a iterable object due to the __ter__ and __next__ before class constructing'''
    print(next(s1))
    print(next(s1))
    print(next(s1))
    print(s1.des)
    print(s1())  #object call