什么是Requests?
Requests使用Python语言编写,基于urllib,采用Apache2 Licensed 开源协议的HTTP库。
它比urllib更加方便,完全满足HTTP测试需求。
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(type(response))
print(response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))
print(response.text)
print(response.cookies)
print(response.headers)
import requests
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
<Response [200]>
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)
{
"args": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
},
"origin": "117.184.110.231",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}
带参数GET请求
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=HM&age=22')
print(response.text)
{
"args": {
"age": "22",
"name": "HM"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
},
"origin": "117.184.110.231",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=HM&age=22"
}
import requests
data = {
'name':'Germany',
'age':22
}
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params = data)
print(response.text)
{
"args": {
"age": "22",
"name": "Germany"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
},
"origin": "117.184.110.231",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=Germany&age=22"
}
解析json
import requests
import json
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())
print(json.loads(response.text))
print(type(response.json))
<class 'str'>
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '117.184.110.231', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '117.184.110.231', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
<class 'method'>
获取二进制数据
import requests
response = requests.get('http://github.com/favicon.ico')
print(type(response.text),type(response.content))
print(response.text)
print(response.content)
import requests
response = requests.get('http://github.com/favicon.ico')
with open('favicon.ico','wb')as f:
f.write(response.content)
f.close()
添加headers
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.zhihu.com/explore')
print(response.text)#知乎要识别浏览器信息
import requests
headers = {
'User-Agent':"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.103 Safari/537.36"
}
response = requests.get('http://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers = headers)
print(response.text)
基本POST请求
import requests
data = {
'name':'Germany',
'age':22
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',data = data)
print(response.text)
import requests
data = {
'name':'Germany',
'age':22
}
headers = {
'User-Agent':"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.103 Safari/537.36"
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',data = data,headers = headers)
print(response.json())
响应
response属性
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
print(type(response.history),response.history)
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
print(type(response.url),response.url)
状态码判断
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/hello.html')
exit() if not (response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found) else print("404 not found")
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
exit() if not(response.status_code == 200) else print("Requests Successfully")
高级操作
文件上传
import requests
files = {
'file':open('favicon.ico','rb')
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files = files)
print(response.text)
获取cookie
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.zhihu.com')
print(response.cookies)
for key,value in response.cookies.items():
print(key+'='+value)
会话维持
//模拟登陆
import requests
requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)#cookies并未更新,可以理解为在不同的浏览器set和get cookies
import requests
s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)#session 模拟了在一个浏览器维持了多次请求
证书验证
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)#12306证书过期,程序中断
import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify = False)
print(response.status_code)#取消证书验证
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',cert = ('/path/server.crt','/path/key'))
print(response.status_code)
#连接本地安全证书
代理设置
import requests
proxies = {
'http':'http://127.0.0.1:9743',
'https':'https://127.0.0.1:9743'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies = proxies)
print(response.status_code)
#需要密码的代理
import requests
proxies = {
'http':'http://user.password@127.0.0.1:9743/'
}
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com',proxies = proxies)
print(response.status_code)
pip install 'requests[socks]'#socks代理
import requests
proxies = {
'http':'socks5://127.0.0.1:9743',
'https':'socks5://127.0.0.1:9743'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies = proxies)
print(response.status_code)
超时代理
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timeout = 0.2)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print("Timeout")#无法成功?需要socks代理?
认证设置
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001',auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user','123'))
print(r.status_code)
import requests
r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001',auth = ('user','123'))
print(r.status_code)
异常处理
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',timeout = 0.1)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
print("Connection error")
except RequestException:
print("Error")
Connection error