文章目录
1.概述
本文简单整理下mysql一些平时不容易注意到的语法规则,特别是针对没有系统学习过mysql语法的同学。
SQL,一般发音为 sequel,SQL 的全称 Structured Query Language.
2.常用系统命令
2.1 查看mysql版本
mysql --version ;
mysql -V ;
2.2 连接mysql
mysql -uroot -p123456
其中root是用户名,123456是密码。
3. 库表相关操作
-- 连接上mysql后,使用此命令查看当前使用的数据库。
select database();
-- 显示所有数据库
show databases;
--选择默认使用的数据库
use 数据库名
-- 显示当前库中的表
show tables
-- 查看指定数据库的中的表
show tables from 数据库名;
-- 查看表结构
desc 表名
-- 查看建表语句
show create table 表名
4. 查询相关
4.1 sql执行顺序
sql在执行时,按照如下顺序执行:
from
join on
where
group by
having
select
orderby
limit
4.2 like
占位符:
除了%,
还有 _ ,比如查询二个字符为A的:like ‘_A%’;
4.3 between … and …操作符
查询sql在1600和3000之间的,包含1600和3000:
where sal between 1600 and 3000;
5 排序相关
5.1 默认升序
排序采用 order by 子句,排序字段可以放多个,多个采用逗号间隔,order by 默认采用升序。
5.2 使用位置排序(不推荐)
order by 5 desc
使用第5个字段进行降序。
6. 单行处理函数
lower、upper、substr、length、trim、str_to_date、date_format、Format、round、rand、case … when … then …else …end、ifnull
-- 将name转为小写
select lower(name) from emp;
-- 将name转为大写
select upper(name) from emp;
--截取ename的第1个字符
select * from emp where substr(ename, 1, 1)=upper('m');
-- 计算字段长度
select length(ename), ename from emp where length(ename)=5;
-- 去除字段前后空格
select * from emp where job=trim(upper('manager '));
-- str_to_date 可以将字符串转换成日期
select * from emp where HIREDATE='1981-02-20';
等同于:
select * from emp where HIREDATE=str_to_date('1981-02-20','%Y-%m-%d');
--将入职日期格式化成yyyy-mm-ddhh:mm:ss
select empno, ename, date_format(hiredate, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s') as hiredate from emp;
-- 查询员工薪水加入千分位和保留两位小数
select empno,ename,Format(sal,2)from emp;
-- 四舍五入
select round(123.56);
-- 生成随机数
select rand();
-- case ... when ... then .....else ...end
select e.*,sal ,case job when 'salesman' then sal*1.1 when 'clerk' then sal*1.2 else sal end as new_sal from emp e;
-- 如果 comm 为 null 就替换为 0
select ifnull(comm,0) from emp;
7. 分组查询
7.1 分组查询函数
count、sum、avg、max、min
--
select count(*),sum(sal),avg(sal),max(sal),min(sal) from emp;
7.2 分组查询
group by:
以上的分组函数,实际上必须关联group by使用;有些时候没有写group by,也行,但是mysql实际带上了,默认对整个表分组的。
having:
having必须放在group by 后面。
8.连接查询
两种版本的语法规范 sql92,sql99。
sql92:
select from a,b where a.x = b.x
sql99:
select from a
join b on a.x = b.x
建议使用sql99版本。
8.1 连接类型
内链接:
表 1 inner join 表 2 on 关联条件
或者
表 1 join 表 2 on 关联条件
外连接:
right join
left join
表1 left outer join 表2 on 关联条件,outer可以省略。
外连接结果数一定 >= 内连接。
8.2 数据准备
表初始化数据:
准备两张表,用户表user,角色表role;其中,user表中包含外键role_id,即role表的id,具体数据如下:
user表:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
CREATE TABLE `user` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
`age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '年龄',
`role_id` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '角色id(1皇上;2妃子;3太监;4侍卫;5大臣)',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=9 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of user
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('1', '赵氏', '16', '2');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('2', '钱氏', '17', '2');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('3', '孙氏', '18', '2');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('4', '李太监', '20', '3');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('5', '周太监', '30', '3');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('6', '吴侍卫', '25', '4');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('7', '郑侍卫', '25', '4');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES ('8', '王大臣', '25', '5');
role表:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `role`;
CREATE TABLE `role` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL COMMENT '角色类型名',
`job` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '角色职责',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of role
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `role` VALUES ('1', '皇上', '享受妃子');
INSERT INTO `role` VALUES ('2', '妃子', '伺候皇上');
INSERT INTO `role` VALUES ('3', '太监', '伺候妃子');
INSERT INTO `role` VALUES ('4', '侍卫', '保卫皇宫');
8.3 inner join
inner join 也可以简写维join;
select * from user u inner join role r on u.role_id=r.id ;
内连接结果:两表交集
8.4 left join
select * from user u left join role r on u.role_id=r.id ;
左连接(左外连接)结果:左表(user)
8.5 right join
右连接(右外连接)结果:右表(role)
select * from user u right join role r on u.role_id=r.id ;
8.6 on 和where区别
在使用以上这3种join时,一些额外条件的位置需要注意:
比如:
select u.*,r.* from user u
left join role r on u.role_id=r.id and r.name='太监'
和
select u.*,r.* from user u
left join role r on u.role_id=r.id
where
r.name='太监'
这两个sql的结果是不同的,及时结果相同,有时查询效率也是不同的。
这里直接下结论:
- 在使用left join、right join ,额外条件建议放在where后,而不是on 后;
- 在使用inner join 是,额外条件放在where后和on后,效果相同;
9. 子查询
9.1 在 where 语句中使用子查询
select empno, ename from emp where empno in(select mgr from emp where mgr is not null);
9.2 在 from 语句中使用子查询
select e.empno, e.ename from emp e join (select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null) m on e.empno=m.mgr;
9.3 在 select 语句中使用子查询
select e.ename, (select d.dname from dept d where e .deptno=d.deptno) as dname from emp e;
10. union 合并集合
select * from emp where job in('MANAGER', 'SALESMAN');
等同于:
select * from emp where job='MANAGER'
union
select*fromempwherejob='SALESMAN'
11. limit
从第2条开始取3条数据:
select * from emp limit 1,3;
12. 表相关操作
12.1 添加字段
alter table t_student add contact_tel varchar(40);
12.2 修改字段
alter table t_student modify student_name varchar(100) ;
12.3 删除字段
alter table t_student drop contact_tel;
13 数据库锁相关查询
set global innodb_status_output_locks=1;
show engine innodb status\G;
–附件
初始化sql
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMP;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS DEPT;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS SALGRADE;
CREATE TABLE DEPT
(DEPTNO int(2) not null ,
DNAME VARCHAR(14) ,
LOC VARCHAR(13),
primary key (DEPTNO)
);
CREATE TABLE EMP
(EMPNO int(4) not null ,
ENAME VARCHAR(10),
JOB VARCHAR(9),
MGR INT(4),
HIREDATE DATE DEFAULT NULL,
SAL DOUBLE(7,2),
COMM DOUBLE(7,2),
primary key (EMPNO),
DEPTNO INT(2)
);
CREATE TABLE SALGRADE
( GRADE INT,
LOSAL INT,
HISAL INT );
INSERT INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) VALUES (
10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');
INSERT INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) VALUES (
20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');
INSERT INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) VALUES (
30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO');
INSERT INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) VALUES (
40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');
commit;
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17'
, 800, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20'
, 1600, 300, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22'
, 1250, 500, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02'
, 2975, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-28'
, 1250, 1400, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01'
, 2850, NULL, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09'
, 2450, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1987-04-19'
, 3000, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL, '1981-11-17'
, 5000, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-08'
, 1500, 0, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1987-05-23'
, 1100, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '1981-12-03'
, 950, NULL, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03'
, 3000, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES (
7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23'
, 1300, NULL, 10);
commit;
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES (
1, 700, 1200);
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES (
2, 1201, 1400);
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES (
3, 1401, 2000);
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES (
4, 2001, 3000);
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES (
5, 3001, 9999);
commit;
34道练习
-- 1.取得每个部门最高薪水的人员名称
select e.ename, e.sal,e.DEPTNO from EMP e
join (select max(sal)as sal,DEPTNO from EMP
group by DEPTNO) tem on tem.DEPTNO=e.DEPTNO and e.SAL= tem.sal;
-- 2.哪些人的薪水在部门的平均薪水之上
select emp.ename,emp.sal from emp
join(select avg(sal)as sal,deptno from emp
group by deptno) tem on tem.deptno=emp.deptno and emp.sal> tem.sal;
-- 3.取得部门中(所有人的)平均的薪水等级
select emp.deptno,avg(sg.grade) from emp
join salgrade sg on emp.sal between sg.losal and sg.hisal
group by emp.deptno;
-- 4.不准用组函数(Max),取得最高薪水(给出两种解决方案)
select sal from emp
order by sal desc limit 1;
select sal from emp where sal not in(select distinct a.sal from emp a join emp b on a.sal < b.sal);
-- 5.取得平均薪水最高的部门的部门编号(至少给出两种解决方案)
select deptno from emp
group by deptno order by avg(sal) desc limit 1;
-- 6.取得平均薪水最高的部门的部门名称
select dname from dept where deptno=(select deptno from emp
group by deptno order by avg(sal) desc limit 1);
-- 7.求平均薪水的等级最低的部门的部门名称
select dname from dept where deptno=(select emp.deptno from emp
join salgrade sg on emp.sal between sg.losal and sg.hisal
group by emp.deptno order by avg(sg.grade) limit 1);
-- 8.取得比普通员工(员工代码没有在 mgr 字段上出现的)的最高薪水还要高的 领导人姓名
select ename,sal from emp where sal>
(select max(sal) from emp where empno not in(select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null));
-- 9.取得薪水最高的前五名员工
select * from emp order by sal desc limit 5;
-- 10.取得薪水最高的第六到第十名员工
select * from emp order by sal desc limit 5,5;
-- 11.取得最后入职的 5 名员工
select * from emp order by hiredate desc limit 5;
-- 12.取得每个薪水等级有多少员工
select sg.grade,count(*) from emp
join salgrade sg on emp.sal between sg.losal and sg.hisal
group by sg.grade;
-- 13.
-- 14.列出所有员工及领导的姓名
select a.ename,b.ename from emp a
join emp b on a.mgr=b.empno;
-- 15.列出受雇日期早于其直接上级的所有员工的编号,姓名,部门名称
select a.empno,a.ename,d.dname from emp a
join emp b on a.mgr=b.empno and a.hiredate <b.hiredate
join dept d on a.deptno =d.deptno;
-- 16.列出部门名称和这些部门的员工信息,同时列出那些没有员工的部门.
select d.dname,emp.* from dept d
left join emp on emp.deptno =d.deptno
order by d.dname;
-- 17.列出至少有 5 个员工的所有部门
select d.dname ,count(*) from dept d
join emp on emp.deptno =d.deptno
group by d.dname
having count(*)>4;
-- 18.列出薪金比"SMITH"多的所有员工信息.
select * from emp
where sal>(select sal from emp where ename='SMITH');
-- 19.列出所有"CLERK"(办事员)的姓名及其部门名称,部门的人数.
select e.ename,d.dname ,tem.cc from emp e
join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno and e.JOB='CLERK'
join (select d.dname ,count(*) as cc from dept d
join emp on emp.deptno =d.deptno
group by d.dname) tem on d.dname=tem.dname;
-- 20.列出最低薪金大于 1500 的各种工作及从事此工作的全部雇员人数.
select job,count(*) from emp group by job having min(sal)>1500;
-- 21.列出在部门"SALES"<销售部>工作的员工的姓名,假定不知道销售部的部 门编号
select ename from emp where deptno=
(select deptno from dept where dname='SALES');
-- 22.列出薪金高于公司平均薪金的所有员工,所在部门,上级领导,雇员的工资等 级
select e.ename,d.dname ,e.mgr ,e.sal,g.grade from emp e
join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno
join salgrade g on e.sal between g.losal and g.hisal and e.sal >(select avg(sal) from emp);
-- 23.列出与"SCOTT"从事相同工作的所有员工及部门名称
select e.ename,d.dname from emp e
join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno and e.job=(select job from emp where ename='SCOTT')
and e.ename<>'SCOTT';
-- 24. 列出薪金等于部门 30 中员工的薪金的其他员工的姓名和薪金
select ename,sal,deptno from emp
where sal in (select distinct sal from emp where deptno =30)
and deptno <> 30;
-- 25.列出薪金高于在部门 30 工作的所有员工的薪金的员工姓名和薪金.部门名 称
select ename,sal,dname from emp
join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno
where sal > (select max(sal) from emp where deptno =30)
and emp.deptno <> 30;
-- 26.列出在每个部门工作的员工数量,平均工资和平均服务期限
select d.dname,tem.* from dept d
join(select DEPTNO,count(*),avg(sal),avg(years) from emp a
join (select empno,timestampdiff(YEAR ,HIREDATE,now()) as years from emp) b on a.empno=b.empno
group by deptno) tem on d.deptno=tem.deptno;
-- 27.列出所有员工的姓名、部门名称和工资
select e.ename,d.dname,e.sal from emp e
join dept d on e.deptno =d.deptno order by d.DNAME,e.empno ;
-- 28.列出所有部门的详细信息和人数
select d.*,count(ename) as '人数' from dept d
left join emp e on d.deptno =e.deptno
group by d.deptno;
-- 29.列出各种工作的最低工资及从事此工作的雇员姓名
select * from emp a
join(select job, min(sal) minsal from emp
group by job) b on a.job=b.job and a.sal=b.minsal;
-- 30.列出各个部门的 MANAGER(领导)的最低薪金
select deptno ,min(sal) from emp where empno in(select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null)
group by deptno;
-- 31.列出所有员工的年工资,按年薪从低到高排序
select ename, (sal+ifnull(COMM,0))*12 as income from emp order by income;
-- 32.求出员工领导的薪水超过 3000 的员工名称与领导名称
select * from emp where sal > 3000 and empno in(select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null);
select a.ename,b.ename from emp a
join emp b on a.MGR=b.empno and b.SAL>3000;
-- 33.求出部门名称中,带'S'字符的部门员工的工资合计、部门人数
select d.dname ,count(e.ename),ifnull(sum(e.sal),0) from emp e
right join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno
where d.dname like '%S%'
group by d.dname;
-- 34.给任职日期超过 30 年的员工加薪 10%
update emp set sal = sal * 1.1 where timestampdiff(YEAR, hiredate, now()) > 30;