条款34：区分接口继承和实现继承

实例：

class airport
{
public:
string name;
};
class airplane
{
public:
virtual void fly(airport& destination) { cout << "flying to"<<destination.name<<" by mode1" << endl; };//表示我以A方式飞到了destination
};
class modelA :public airplane
{
};
class modelB :public airplane
{
};
class modelC :public airplane
{
};

int main()
{
airport port1;
port1.name ="pudong";
airport port2;
port2.name = "hongqiao";
airplane *plane1 = new modelA;
airplane *plane2 = new modelB;
airplane *plane3 = new modelC;
plane1->fly(port1);
plane2->fly(port2);//典型的通过基类接口处理派生类，当然基类提供了接口，并且提供了缺省的实现
plane3->fly(port1);
getchar();
}

此时显示的结果必然是

flying to pudong by mode1

flying to hongqiao by mode1

flying to pudong by mode1

但是如果plane3不想以mode1 飞向destination呢？

或者说基类提供了所有派生类要用的接口，却提供了极少数派生类不想要的实现，怎么办？

答案是将接口和实现分开；

class airplane
{
public:
    virtual void fly(airport& destination)=0;//pure virtual只提供接口
protected:
    void defaultfly(airport& destination) { cout << "flying to" << destination.name << " by mode1" << endl; }; //这里提供缺省实现
};
class modelA :public airplane
{
public:
void fly(airport& destination)//因为fly是pure virtual ，派生类必须提供自己的版本
{
defaultfly(destination);// 通过内联调用的方式调用缺省实现
};


};
class modelB :public airplane
{
public:
void fly(airport& destination)
{
defaultfly(destination);
};


};

class modelC :public airplane
{
public:
void fly(airport& destination)
{
cout << "flying to" << destination.name << " by mode2" << endl;   //既然你是不喜欢缺省实现的少数派，那么你就写你自己的版本吧

};
};

这时候运行结果就是

flying to pudong by mode1

flying to hongqiao by mode1

flying to pudong by mode2

当然也可以将defaultfly 函数换成fly函数（pure virtual函数也可以有自己的实现），再把内联调用的defaultfly(destination)换成airplane::fly(destination)即可，

但是这种方法将接口和实现变成了同一等级（都是public）。