集成电路经典资料分享

① 网络开放课件资源

模拟集成电路3本经典

③ 数字IC前端几本经典书籍

④ Layout 经典书籍

RFIC

⑥ 吐血清单

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① 网络开放课件资源

MIT开放课件: http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/index.htm
Berkeley: http://webcast.berkeley.edu/courses/index.html

1. Berkeley的课程体系结构: 2位数的如ee20, cs70 是本科低年级课程;三位数且以1开头的ee141,ee140 是本科生高年级课程; 三位数且以2开头的,如ee240,ee241为研究生课程。
EE20 Structure and interpretation of system and signal
EE130 IC devices
EE123 digital signal processing
EE141 DIC Digital Integrated Circuits
EE140 AIC Analog Integrated Circuits
EE225b Digital Image processing
EE241 ADIC Advanced Digital Integrated Circuits
EE240 AAIC Advanced Analog Integrated Circuits
EE245 introduction to MEMS design
CS3 introduction to symbolic programming
CS61a the structure and interpretation
CS61b data structure and advanced programming
CS61c machine structures
CS70 discrete mathematics and probability theory
CS152 computer architecture
CS150 components and design techniques for digital systems.
CS162 operating systems and system programming
2.Text BOOK
EE141
Text Book: Digital Integrated Circuits : A Design Perspective ( Ed.) 清华大学出版社影印版,现在已经能买到,是数字集成电路设计的圣经级读物.
EE140
Text Book: Analysis And Design of Analog Integrated Circuits (Fourth Edition) 高教出版社影印版,如前所述,已能买到,是模拟集成电路设计的宝典。
其他书籍:每一门课程都有相应的课件,里面有必备及推荐书籍,有的书国内已有影印版,有的还没有,希望大家能积极主动的去学习,自己想办法去寻找相应的书籍。我的建议是先到网上去查国内有无影印版的,如有,解决。如无,看本校图书馆有无原版书,如有,借来缩印(为省钱)。

3.更多课程信息
http://webcast.berkeley.edu   每学期都更新,如果网速快,可以在线观看,通过一些地址侦测工具及流格式下载工具,可以下载,这也是这些资料的来源。至于具体方法,呵呵,自己想办法了。
另外, http://ocw.mit.edu/index.html MIT将她所有的课程都公开了,可惜大多数每录像。但其中的信息量已足够大,有书籍信息,notes,project,assignment 等,教科书可用前面介绍的方法得到。对于自学能力较强,及有志培养自学能力的同学来说,这是很好的机会,在一定程度上说,你可以在国内享受到世界顶级的教 育。

模拟集成电路3本经典


1.CMOS模拟集成电路设计(第二版) 作者:(美)艾伦(Allen R.E.)等
2.Analysis And Design of Analog Integrated Circuits (Fourth Edition) 高教出版社影印版,作者:(美)格雷 等
3.CMOS模拟集成电路 作者:(美)拉扎维(razavi) (Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits),这本书西安交大出了中文译本,也比较容易买到的,入门必备!!!

模拟电路除了三巨头之外,还有一本据说也不错,不过没看过

analog integrated circuit design
david a johns&ken martin
有扫描版的

③ 数字IC前端几本经典书籍

经典书籍:

1 Writing Testbenches, Functional Verification of HDL Models        by Janick Bergeron

本书主要以HDL(verilog/vhdl)为例,详细讲述了在IC DESIGN FLOW中Verification 以及Test的设计思想、方法和技巧,涵概了测试的各个方面,是目前进行IC设计的同仁们最为推荐的一本宝典!!

作者的个人网页有详细的介绍:
http://www.janick.bergeron.com/wtb/toc.html

2 Priciples of Verifiable RTL Design, 2nd Ed.       by Lionel Bening & Harry Foster

比较早的介绍有关RTL Validation设计的宝典书籍,是原来HP的一位大牛撰写的!你可以到作者的网站看看,有相关的本书的设计范例以及script下载!如果想使RTL设计非常的完美,保证你的后端设计一次成功的,这本书是不可缺少的。

http://home.comcast.net/~bening/povrd.htm

3 A Practical Guide for Designing, Synthesizing, and Simulating ASICs and FPGAs using VHDL or Verilog(HDL Chip Design) by Douglas J. Smith

最为经典的讲述VHDL以及Verilog 设计的宝典书籍!设计范例涵盖很多设计中经常用的设计模块,堪称IC设计的 “词典”,书中的很多范例都可以作为你设计应用中的IP进行应用!!

http://www.doone.com/hdl_chip_des.html

4 Advanced ASIC Chip Synthesis Using Synopsys Design Compiler and PrimeTime by Himanshu Bhatnagar CONEXANT, Newport Beach, CA, USA

迄 今为止唯一的一本针对主流IC设计平台工具,synopsys design compiler以及primetime的设计流程进行具体指导的宝典!参考本书你可以很快就可以对RTLdesign flow 以及static timing analysis有很深的理解,设计功力也会增加那么一点点了,当然还需要你勤加练习!

5 Reuse Methodology Manual for System-on-a-Chip Designs Third Editi on Edited by Michael Keating Synopsys, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA         Pierre Bricaud Synopsys, Inc, CA, USA

进行SOC/IP 设计以及可重用设计的宝典书籍!是synopsys的一位牛牛写的!主要以mentor和synopsys的设计工具为流程,讲述了SOC/IP可重用设计,验证设计的基本方法。


④ Layout 经典书籍
1. CMOS电路设计、布局与仿真(英文版)
      CMOS:Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation
      作者: [美]R.Jocob Baker;Harry W.Li;David E.Boyce

2. The Art of Analog Layout
      by Alan Hastings, Roy Alan Hastings
      Publisher: Prentice Hall; ISBN: 0130870617; 1st
      edition (December 15, 2000)

3. IC Mask Design: Essential Layout Techniques
      by Christopher Saint, Judy Saint
      Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional; ISBN: 0071389962;
      1st edition (May 24, 2002)
      (very practical and eazy to read)

RFIC
CMOS 射频集成电路设计(英文版)
The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits
作者: 美Lee,T.H.著

The following book will be one of the best books for the person to start to design the fundamental CMOS analog IC design. After you design some circuit such as two-stage Op-amp, you will get feeling. By the way, analog design is very interesting, but also very challenge.
CMOS Analog Circuit Design By Philip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg
Hardcover / February 2002 / 0195116445

http://www.fetchbook.info/compare.do?search=0195116445

Share a little experience

1. Got a job on mixed-signal design which means I had simulator (HSpice)without taking any analog IC design class( actually a LONG story) : outcome - simulator
2. Took a class on mixed-signal IC design : outcome -- design a two-stage op-amp follow the recipe of Allen\'s book(1st edition 1987)--&gt a feeling for analog IC design
3. continue on other company projects : more experience analog IC design engineer

Several years later, one student in my CMOS analog IC design class
told me the same thing : by doing the assigned project, he got the FEELING.

Analog IC design make me humble since it so challenge, but after I got the feeling by doing project, I love it.

I think two factors will be very important for an analog IC design engineer - love math and enjoy analysis.You need to find out what is your desire and design. CMOS analog/mixed-signal IC (AMSIC) is my third, but the best career.

The reason I wrote so many words is because I really wish more people will work on CMOS analog IC design in China.

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits is the best reference for circuit design.


毕查德·拉扎维(这家伙让俺知道啥叫牛人啊,出书每一本经典,发文每一篇NB)
毕查德·拉扎维于1985年在沙里夫理工大学的电气工程系获得理学学士学位,1并分别于1988年和1992年在斯坦福大学电气工程系获得理学硕士和博士学位.他曾在AT&T贝尔实验室工作,随后又受聘Hewlett—Packard实验室,直到1996年为止.

1996 年9月,他成为加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的电气工程系副教授,随后晋升为教授.目前他从事的研包括无线收发.c频率合成,2高速数据通信及数据转换的锁相 和时钟恢复.拉扎维教授分别于1992年到1994年在普林斯顿大学(新泽西州普林斯顿)和1995年在斯坦福大学任副教授.他是VLSI电路专题讨论会 的技术程序委员会和国际固体电子协会(ISSCC)的成员,3在其中担任模拟小组委员会的主席.此外,他还分别担IEEE固体电路杂志.cIEEE电路和 系统杂志及高速电子学国际杂志的特邀编辑和副编辑.

拉扎维教授于1994年因为卓越的编辑能力获ISSCC的Beatrice奖,1994年在欧洲固体电子会议上获最佳论文奖,1995年和1997年ISSCC的最佳专题小组奖,1997年TRW创新教学奖,1998年IEEE定制

下面的清单有点变态,据说是某大牛列的,书全是经典,我基本没看过

Title
Author
Publisher(see below)
ISBN
# Comments

Analog Circuit Design: Art, Science, and Possibilities
Williams (editor)
BH
0-7506-9166-2
Lots of good stories here. Every new IC designer should read Derek Bowers chapter.

Art and Science of Analog Circuit Design
Williams (editor)
BH
0-7506-9505-6
More good stories. Eric Swanson’s view of digital vs. analog resonated with me.

Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits - 3rd Ed.
Gray and Meyer
WI
0-471-57495-3
A popular introductory text. I used the first edition for guidance on my first custom IC (a bipolar array)

Analogue IC design: The Current-Mode Approach
Tomazou, Lidgey, & Haigh (editors)
IEE
0-86341-215-7
Great reference for current mirrors, translinear circuits, MOS transconductors, current-conveyors.

Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing
Gregorian & Temes
WI
0-471-09797-7
Best introduction to switched-capacitor circuit design.

CMOS Analog Circuit Design
Allen & Holberg
HRW
0-03-006587-9
Probably the best introductory book for analog designers unfamiliar with CMOS techniques.

Design of MOS VLSI Circuits for Telecommunications
Tsividis & Antongnetti (editors)
PH
0-13-200643-X
Replaced by the 2nd edition. Get this one too, if you can find it, for some material that was replaced on digital filter mechanization.

Design of Analog-Digital VLSI Circuits for Telecommunications & Signal Processing- 2nd Ed.
Franca & Tsividis (editors)
PH
0-13-203639-8 A “must have”.

Switched Capacitor Circuits
Allen & Sanchez-Sinencio
VNR
0-442-20873-1
I confess that I haven’t used it much, but it appears to be a very comprehensive reference on whole field.

Analog Interfaces for Digital Signal Processing Systems Op’t Eynde & Sansen
KAP
0-7923-9348-1
Very readable. Lots of material on the “nuts-and-bolts” of putting delta-sigma data converters together

Integrated Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters
Van de Plassche
KAP
0-7923-9436-4
Plenty of high-speed bipolar stuff here, too.

Signal Recovery from Noise in Electronic Instrumentation
Wilmshurst
AH
0-85274-783-7
Excellent introduction to the basic principles involved.

Photodiode Amplifiers
Graeme
McG-H
0-07-024247-X
There is a lot more to this topic than meets the eye. This is a complete treatment of all the subtleties.

Video Demystified: A Handbook for the Digital Engineer
Jack
HT
1-878707-09-4
Very useful and not just for digital types. A good one-stop source for digital video information.

Low-Noise Electronic System Design
Motchenbacher & Connelly
WI 0-471-57742-1 A "must have”. Someday you will need it.

Communications Receivers
Rohde & Bucher
McG-H
0-07-053570-1
I always wanted to build one of these from scratch. Maybe someday...

Principles of Communications Systems
Taub & Schilling
McG-H 0-07-062955-2
A standard college-type text.

Analog Circuit Design: Low-Noise, Low-Power, Low-Voltage; Mixed-Mode Design with CAD Tools; Voltage, Current and Time References
Huijsing, van de Plassche, Sansen (editors)
KAP
0-7923-9659-6
Outstanding classic section by Barrie Gilbert on bandgap voltage reference design is worth more than the price of the book.
More on folding A/D converters, autozeroing, etc.

Analog Circuit Design: Low-Power Low-Voltage, Integrated Filters, and Smart Power
van de Plassche, Sansen, & Huijsing (editors)
KAP
0-7923-9513-1
Another set of seminars.

Analog Circuit Design: Mixed A/D Circuit Design, Sensor Interface Circuits, and Communication Circuits Sansen,
Huijsing, van de Plassche (editors)
KAP
0-7923-9408-9
Another set of seminars.

VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics
Gellert, Kustner, Hellwich, Kastner
VNR
0-442-22646-2
A jewel. The panorama of mathematics is clearly laid out. Several people have tried to find it but tell me it’s unavailable now. Scream at them to put it back in print!

Circuits and Systems Tutorials
Tomazou (editor)
IEEE
0-7803-1170-1
Tutorials on unusual topics like: chaos, image coding, nonlinear DSP. Good delta-sigma tutorial, too.

Oversampling Delta-Sigma Data Converters
Candy & Temes
IEEE
0-87942-285-8
A “must have” collection of the earlier papers on this topic. A new collections out now, but I’m still back-ordered.

Integrated Continuous-Time Filters
Tsividis & Voorman (editors)
IEEE
0-7803-0425-X
I haven’t done much with this type of filter, but I find this reference useful for design of linear transconductors.

Analog CMOS Filters for Very High Frequencies
Nauta KAP
next time Design methodology for the ultimate in CMOS linear circuit speed.

Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops and Clock Recovery Circuits
Razavi (editor)
IEEE
0-7803-1149-3
A collection of journal papers that is a “must have” if you design these.

Phase-Locked Loops - 2nd Ed.
Best
McG-H
0-07-911386-9
The most accessible introduction to the topic.

Digital PLL Frequency Synthesizers - Theory and Design
Rohde
PH
0-13-214239-2 Out of print.
You might still be able to get a copy at Compact Software.

Frequency Synthesis by Phase-Lock
Egan
Krieger
0-89464-456-4
One of the few places that phase-frequency detector “dead-zone” and sampled-data effects on the loop stability are treated.

Phase-Locked Loop Circuit Design
Wolaver
PH
0-13-662743-9
My personal favorite of the PLL books. Wolaver has a clear approach. There’some good stuff on data recovery here, too.

Phaselock Techniques
Gardner
WI
0-471-04294-3
For many, the standard reference. I haven’t found it as useful.

Discrete-Time Signal Processing
Oppenheim & Schafer
PH
0-13-216292-X
The standard textbook.
A “must have”.

Handbook of Digital Signal Processing
Mitra & Kaiser
WI
0-471-61995-7
Must have.

Digital Filter Design
Parks & Burrus
WI
0-471-82896-3
Practical with not too much math in the presentation. Contains some source code

Digital Filters and Signal Processing
Jackson
KAP
0-89838-276-9
Good chapter on quantization effects.

Multirate Digital Signal Processing
Fliege
WI
0-471-93976-5
Very clear presentation. Good explanation of interpolated FIR filter design.

Principles of Digital Audio - 3rd Ed.
Pohlmann
McG-H
0-07-050468-7
Good overview of audio CD coding, error correction, and compression techniques.

Advanced Digital Audio
Pohlmann
Sams
0-672-22768-1
Not quite as good as his "Principles..", IMHO. Probably too broad.

Digital MOS Integrated Circuits II
Elmasry (editor)
IEEE
0-87942-275-0
Collection of papers. Good intro to the topic.

Modern Active Filter Design
Schaumann, Soderstrand & Laker (editors)
IEEE
0-471-09733-0
Contains an especially good paper by Fleischer and Laker on SC biquads.

Electronic Filter Design Handbook
Williams & Taylor
McG-H
0-07-070434-1
Probably the standard “working engineer” reference.

Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals
Eshbach
WI
0-471-24553-4
For the times when you are confronted with problems that are “outside the box”.

Electrical Noise, Fundamentals & Sources
Gupta
IEEE
0-471-03117-8
Like it says...the fundamentals

Semiconductor Device Modeling with SPICE
Massobrio & Antongnetti
McG-H
0-07-002469-3
Just what do the parameters in those models mean anyway?

Inside SPICE - Overcoming the Obstacles of Circuit Simulation
Kielkowski
McG-H
0-07-911525-X
Just what is that simulator doing anyway? A “must have”.

Nonlinear Circuits Handbook Sheingold Analog Devices n/a A treasure
chest of analog techniques that will soon be lost, crushed by
hundreds-of-thousands of sub-micron digital transistors operating at high speeds.


Publisher Decoder

AH Adam Hilger
BH Butterworth-Heinemann
HRW Holt, Rinehart & Winston
HT HighText Publications
IEE Institute of Electrical Engineers
IEEE IEEE Press
KAP Kluwer Academic Publishers
McG McGraw-Hill
PH Prentice Hall
Sams Howard Sams
VNR (now Wiley) Van Nostrand Reinhold

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Contents<br>Foreword xv<br>Acknowledgments xix<br>1 Introduction to Communications Circuits 1<br>1.1 Introduction 1<br>1.2 Lower Frequency Analog Design and Microwave<br>Design Versus Radio Frequency Integrated<br>Circuit Design 2<br>1.2.1 Impedance Levels for Microwave and Low-<br>Frequency Analog Design 2<br>1.2.2 Units for Microwave and Low-Frequency Analog<br>Design 3<br>1.3 Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Used in a<br>Communications Transceiver 4<br>1.4 Overview 6<br>References 6<br>2 Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Linearity, and<br>Filtering 9<br>2.1 Introduction 9<br>v<br><br>vi Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design<br>2.2 Noise 9<br>2.2.1 Thermal Noise 10<br>2.2.2 Available Noise Power 11<br>2.2.3 Available Power from Antenna 11<br>2.2.4 The Concept of Noise Figure 13<br>2.2.5 The Noise Figure of an Amplifier Circuit 14<br>2.2.6 The Noise Figure of Components in Series 16<br>2.3 Linearity and Distortion in RF Circuits 23<br>2.3.1 Power Series Expansion 23<br>2.3.2 Third-Order Intercept Point 27<br>2.3.3 Second-Order Intercept Point 29<br>2.3.4 The 1-dB Compression Point 30<br>2.3.5 Relationships Between 1-dB Compression and<br>IP3 Points 31<br>2.3.6 Broadband Measures of Linearity 32<br>2.4 Dynamic Range 35<br>2.5 Filtering Issues 37<br>2.5.1 Image Signals and Image Reject Filtering 37<br>2.5.2 Blockers and Blocker Filtering 39<br>References 41<br>Selected Bibliography 42<br>3 A Brief Review of Technology 43<br>3.1 Introduction 43<br>3.2 Bipolar Transistor Description 43Current Dependence 46<br>3.3<br>3.4 Small-Signal Model 47<br>3.5 Small-Signal Parameters 48<br>3.6 High-Frequency Effects 49<br>as a Function of Current 51<br>3.6.1 f<br>T<br>3.7 Noise in Bipolar Transistors 53<br>3.7.1 Thermal Noise in Transistor Components 53<br>3.7.2 Shot Noise 53<br>3.7.3 1/f Noise 54<br><br>vii<br>3.8 Base Shot Noise Discussion 55<br>3.9 Noise Sources in the Transistor Model 55<br>3.10 Bipolar Transistor Design Considerations 56<br>3.11 CMOS Transistors 57<br>3.11.1 NMOS 58<br>3.11.2 PMOS 58<br>3.11.3 CMOS Small-Signal Model Including Noise 58<br>3.11.4 CMOS Square Law Equations 60<br>References 61<br>4 Impedance Matching 63<br>4.1 Introduction 63<br>4.2 Review of the Smith Chart 66<br>4.3 Impedance Matching 69<br>4.4 Conversions Between Series and Parallel Resistor-<br>Inductor and Resistor-Capacitor Circuits 74<br>4.5 Tapped Capacitors and Inductors 76<br>4.6 The Concept of Mutual Inductance 78<br>4.7 Matching Using Transformers 81<br>4.8 Tuning a Transformer 82<br>4.9 The Bandwidth of an Impedance Transformation<br>Network 83<br>4.10 Quality Factor of an LC Resonator 85<br>4.11 Transmission Lines 88<br>4.12 S, Y, and Z Parameters 89<br>References 93<br>5 The Use and Design of Passive Circuit<br>Elements in IC Technologies 95<br>5.1 Introduction 95<br>5.2 The Technology Back End and Metallization in<br>IC Technologies 95<br><br>viii Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design<br>5.3 Sheet Resistance and the Skin Effect 97<br>5.4 Parasitic Capacitance 100<br>5.5 Parasitic Inductance 101<br>5.6 Current Handling in Metal Lines 102<br>5.7 Poly Resistors and Diffusion Resistors 103<br>5.8 Metal-Insulator-Metal Capacitors and Poly<br>Capacitors 103<br>5.9 Applications of On-Chip Spiral Inductors and<br>Transformers 104<br>5.10 Design of Inductors and Transformers 106<br>5.11 Some Basic Lumped Models for Inductors 108<br>5.12 Calculating the Inductance of Spirals 110<br>5.13 Self-Resonance of Inductors 110<br>5.14 The Quality Factor of an Inductor 111<br>5.15 Characterization of an Inductor 115<br>5.16 Some Notes About the Proper Use of Inductors 117<br>5.17 Layout of Spiral Inductors 119<br>5.18 Isolating the Inductor 121<br>5.19 The Use of Slotted Ground Shields and<br>Inductors 122<br>5.20 Basic Transformer Layouts in IC Technologies 122<br>5.21 Multilevel Inductors 124<br>5.22 Characterizing Transformers for Use in ICs 127<br>5.23 On-Chip Transmission Lines 129<br>5.23.1 Effect of Transmission Line 130<br>5.23.2 Transmission Line Examples 131<br>5.24 High-Frequency Measurement of On-Chip<br>Passives and Some Common De-Embedding<br>Techniques 134<br><br>ix<br>5.25 Packaging 135<br>5.25.1 Other Packaging Techniques 138<br>References 139<br>6 LNA Design 141<br>6.1 Introduction and Basic Amplifiers 141<br>6.1.1 Common-Emitter Amplifier (Driver) 141<br>6.1.2 Simplified Expressions for Widely Separated<br>Poles 146<br>6.1.3 The Common-Base Amplifier (Cascode) 146<br>6.1.4 The Common-Collector Amplifier (Emitter<br>Follower) 148<br>6.2 Amplifiers with Feedback 152<br>6.2.1 Common-Emitter with Series Feedback (Emitter<br>Degeneration) 152<br>6.2.2 The Common-Emitter with Shunt Feedback 154<br>6.3 Noise in Amplifiers 158<br>6.3.1 Input-Referred Noise Model of the Bipolar<br>Transistor 159<br>6.3.2 Noise Figure of the Common-Emitter Amplifier 161<br>6.3.3 Input Matching of LNAs for Low Noise 163<br>6.3.4 Relationship Between Noise Figure and Bias<br>Current 169<br>6.3.5 Effect of the Cascode on Noise Figure 170<br>6.3.6 Noise in the Common-Collector Amplifier 171<br>6.4 Linearity in Amplifiers 172<br>6.4.1 Exponential Nonlinearity in the Bipolar<br>Transistor 172<br>6.4.2 Nonlinearity in the Output Impedance of the<br>Bipolar Transistor 180<br>6.4.3 High-Frequency Nonlinearity in the Bipolar<br>Transistor 182<br>6.4.4 Linearity in Common-Collector Configuration 182<br>6.5 Differential Pair (Emitter-Coupled Pair) and<br>Other Differential Amplifiers 183<br>6.6 Low-Voltage Topologies for LNAs and the Use<br>of On-Chip Transformers 184<br><br>x Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design<br>6.7 DC Bias Networks 187<br>6.7.1 Temperature Effects 189<br>6.8 Broadband LNA Design Example 189<br>References 194<br>Selected Bibliography 195<br>7 Mixers 197<br>7.1 Introduction 197<br>7.2 Mixing with Nonlinearity 197<br>7.3 Basic Mixer Operation 198<br>7.4 Controlled Transconductance Mixer 198<br>7.5 Double-Balanced Mixer 200<br>7.6 Mixer with Switching of Upper Quad 202<br>7.6.1 Why LO Switching? 203<br>7.6.2 Picking the LO Level 204<br>7.6.3 Analysis of Switching Modulator 205<br>7.7 Mixer Noise 206<br>7.8 Linearity 215<br>7.8.1 Desired Nonlinearity 215<br>7.8.2 Undesired Nonlinearity 215<br>7.9 Improving Isolation 217<br>7.10 Image Reject and Single-Sideband Mixer 217<br>7.10.1 Alternative Single-Sideband Mixers 219<br>7.10.2 Generating 90° Phase Shift 220<br>7.10.3 Image Rejection with Amplitude and Phase<br>Mismatch 224<br>7.11 Alternative Mixer Designs 227<br>7.11.1 The Moore Mixer 228<br>7.11.2 Mixers with Transformer Input 228<br>7.11.3 Mixer with Simultaneous Noise and Power<br>Match 229<br>7.11.4 Mixers with Coupling Capacitors 230<br><br>xiContents<br>7.12 General Design Comments 231<br>7.12.1 Sizing Transistors 232<br>7.12.2 Increasing Gain 232<br>7.12.3 Increasing IP3 232<br>7.12.4 Improving Noise Figure 233<br>7.12.5 Effect of Bond Pads and the Package 233<br>7.12.6 Matching, Bias Resistors, and Gain 234<br>7.13 CMOS Mixers 242<br>References 244<br>Selected Bibliography 244<br>8 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 245<br>8.1 Introduction 245<br>8.2 Specification of Oscillator Properties 245<br>8.3 The LC Resonator 247<br>8.4 Adding Negative Resistance Through Feedback<br>to the Resonator 248<br>8.5 Popular Implementations of Feedback to the<br>Resonator 250<br>8.6 Configuration of the Amplifier (Colpitts or<br>) 251<br>-G<br>m<br>8.7 Analysis of an Oscillator as a Feedback System 252<br>8.7.1 Oscillator Closed-Loop Analysis 252<br>8.7.2 Capacitor Ratios with Colpitts Oscillators 255<br>8.7.3 Oscillator Open-Loop Analysis 258<br>8.7.4 Simplified Loop Gain Estimates 260<br>8.8 Negative Resistance Generated by the Amplifier 262<br>8.8.1 Negative Resistance of Colpitts Oscillator 262<br>8.8.2 Negative Resistance for Series and Parallel<br>Circuits 263<br>Oscillator 265<br>8.8.3 Negative Resistance Analysis of -G<br>m<br>8.9 Comments on Oscillator Analysis 268<br>8.10 Basic Differential Oscillator Topologies 270<br><br>xii Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design<br>8.11 A Modified Common-Collector Colpitts<br>Oscillator with Buffering 270<br>Topology 270<br>8.12 Several Refinements to the -G<br>m<br>8.13 The Effect of Parasitics on the Frequency of<br>Oscillation 274<br>8.14 Large-Signal Nonlinearity in the Transistor 275<br>8.15 Bias Shifting During Startup 277<br>8.16 Oscillator Amplitude 277<br>8.17 Phase Noise 283<br>8.17.1 Linear or Additive Phase Noise and Leeson’s<br>Formula 283<br>8.17.2 Some Additional Notes About Low-Frequency<br>Noise 291<br>8.17.3 Nonlinear Noise 292<br>8.18 Making the Oscillator Tunable 295<br>8.19 VCO Automatic-Amplitude Control Circuits 302<br>8.20 Other Oscillators 313<br>References 316<br>Selected Bibliography 317<br>9 High-Frequency Filter Circuits 319<br>9.1 Introduction 319<br>9.2 Second-Order Filters 320<br>9.3 Integrated RF Filters 321<br>9.3.1 A Simple Bandpass LC Filter 321<br>9.3.2 A Simple Bandstop Filter 322<br>9.3.3 An Alternative Bandstop Filter 323<br>9.4 Achieving Filters with Higher Q 327<br>9.4.1 Differential Bandpass LNA with Q-Tuned Load<br>Resonator 327<br>9.4.2 A Bandstop Filter with Colpitts-Style Negative<br>Resistance 329<br>9.4.3 Bandstop Filter with Transformer-Coupled -G<br>m<br>Negative Resistance 331<br><br>xiiiContents<br>9.5 Some Simple Image Rejection Formulas 333<br>9.6 Linearity of the Negative Resistance Circuits 336<br>9.7 Noise Added Due to the Filter Circuitry 337<br>9.8 Automatic Q Tuning 339<br>9.9 Frequency Tuning 342<br>9.10 Higher-Order Filters 343<br>References 346<br>Selected Bibliography 347<br>10 Power Amplifiers 349<br>10.1 Introduction 349<br>10.2 Power Capability 350<br>10.3 Efficiency Calculations 350<br>10.4 Matching Considerations 351<br>*<br>Versus Matching to<br>352<br>10.4.1 Matching to S<br>22 opt<br>10.5 Class A, B, and C Amplifiers 353<br>10.5.1 Class A, B, and C Analysis 356<br>10.5.2 Class B Push-Pull Arrangements 362<br>10.5.3 Models for Transconductance 363<br>10.6 Class D Amplifiers 367<br>10.7 Class E Amplifiers 368<br>10.7.1 Analysis of Class E Amplifier 370<br>10.7.2 Class E Equations 371<br>10.7.3 Class E Equations for Finite Output Q 372<br>10.7.4 Saturation Voltage and Resistance 373<br>10.7.5 Transition Time 373<br>10.8 Class F Amplifiers 375<br>10.8.1 Variation on Class F: Second-Harmonic Peaking 379<br>10.8.2 Variation on Class F: Quarter-Wave<br>Transmission Line 379<br>10.9 Class G and H Amplifiers 381<br>10.10 Class S Amplifiers 383<br><br>xiv Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design<br>10.11 Summary of Amplifier Classes for RF Integrated<br>Circuits 384<br>10.12 AC Load Line 385<br>10.13 Matching to Achieve Desired Power 385<br>10.14 Transistor Saturation 388<br>10.15 Current Limits 388<br>10.16 Current Limits in Integrated Inductors 390<br>10.17 Power Combining 390<br>10.18 Thermal Runaway—Ballasting 392<br>10.19 Breakdown Voltage 393<br>10.20 Packaging 394<br>10.21 Effects and Implications of Nonlinearity 394<br>10.21.1 Cross Modulation 395<br>10.21.2 AM-to-PM Conversion 395<br>10.21.3 Spectral Regrowth 395<br>10.21.4 Linearization Techniques 396<br>10.21.5 Feedforward 396<br>10.21.6 Feedback 397<br>10.22 CMOS Power Amplifier Example 398<br>References 399<br>About the Authors 401<br>Index 403
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