http digest认证过程分析及例子

验证过程：

          

步骤一、客户端向服务器申请数据                        
****************************Request******************************
GET /auth HTTP/1.1(\r\n)
Accept: */*(\r\n)
Host: 192.168.1.15(\r\n)
Content-Length: 0(\r\n)
(\r\n\r\n)
步骤二、服务器回复说需要验证，并发送了需要的数据（ 注意这里是Digest，决定了需要使用Digest认证方式，而不是Basic等），这些数据决定了客户端验证需要遵循的算法。
****************************Response******************************
HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized(\r\n)
Connection: Keep-Alive(\r\n)
Content-Length: 0(\r\n)
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2013 09:35:54 GMT(\r\n)
WWW-Authenticate: Digest realm="TestDigest", nonce ="c7237893-4eca-478e-b016-548f7998933b", algorithm =MD5, qop ="auth"(\r\n)

(\r\n\r\n)

步骤三、发送验证信息

步骤二数据包的分析：
    状态码401表示该客户端未被授权，需要客户端发送验证信息，注意这时候必须发送WWW-Authenticate头域，否则客户端不知道该依据什么规则来发送验证信息。依据http头域中WWW-Authenticate中的字段。根据“RFC 2617 - HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authenti”该文档中，介绍了如何依据服务器返回的数据发送验证信息。
服务器通过规则计算出的结果与客户端发送的response进行比较，相等才认为是合法用户，于是服务器发送200 OK。
依据该文档：digest的计算如下（附录2，生成发送 WWW-Authenticate的函数），即上文中说到的response，计算出来的digest通过response字段发送给服务器。
If "qop" is used, the digest is:
    H(H(A1):nonce:nc:cnonce:qop:H(A2))-----其中cnonce是有自己产生的随机字符串（本文后面附录（1）生成随机字符串函数），其他字符串依据下面规则得出
  where H is the hash function such as MD5; A1 and A2 will be given later.
 If "qop" is not used, the digest is:
     H(H(A1):nonce:H(A2))
 If the "algorithm" chosen is "MD5" or is unspecified:
     A1 = Username:realm:password
 If the "algorithm" chosen is "MD5-sess", then A1 is calculated only once – 
on the first request by the client following receipt of a WWW-Authenticate challenge from the server.
It uses the server nonce from that challenge, and the first client nonce:
     A1 = Username:realm:password:nouce:cnonce
 If "qop" is "auth" , then
     A2 = Method:URL
 If "qop" is "auth-int" for message integrity, then
     A2 = Method:URL:H(entity-body)
显然本例中Response如下计算：
H(H(A1):nonce:nc:cnonce:qop:H(A2))
A1 = unq(username-value) ":" unq(realm-value) ":" passwd
A2 = Method ":" digest-uri-value
其中H是MD5算法。
 ****************************Request******************************
GET /Auth HTTP/1.1
Accept: */*
Host: 192.168.1.15
Authorization: Digest username="LiPing",realm="TestDigest",qop="auth",algorithm="MD5",uri="/Auth",nonce="1f4b9851-bc18-4dee-91ad-683b5adee7ae",nc=00000001,cnonce="L0RGJ52PLai068jYU55G036655qZF6D7",response="9471d8765dc5c88a78829b2e2e6eb7dd"
 步骤四、服务器返回OK，否则继续返回401来告诉客户端需要验证
 ****************************Response******************************
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Connection: Keep-Alive
Date: Thu, 12 Sep 2013 00:52:40 GMT

 关于该验证过程实现的双向验证机制，是通过服务器或是客户端产生的随机字符串，然后经过MD5算法来实现的。该文最后服务器没有返回Authorization头域，这个也可以的，只是不够规范。

附录：

（1）

//函数功能：生成随机字符串
//函数参数：生成随机字符串的长度
//返回值：成功返回随机字符串
char *createRandomNum(int N)
{
     int flag;
	 int k=0,j=0;
	 char *random_str =  (char*)malloc(N+1);
	 random_str[0] = '\0';
	 //1970到现在的时间sec作为种子
	 unsigned int seed = (unsigned)time(NULL);
	 srand(seed);
	 for(j=0;j<N;j++)
	  {
		   unsigned int random_num = rand();
		   flag = random_num%3;
		   if(flag == 0)
		   {
			   random_str[k++]='0'+random_num%10;
		   }
		   else if(flag == 1)
		   {
			   random_str[k++]='a'+random_num%26;
		   }
		   else if(flag == 2)
		   {
			   random_str[k++]='A'+random_num%26;
		   }
		   srand(random_num);
	  }
	 random_str[k]='\0';
	 return random_str;
}

附录2

//函数功能：获取子串
//函数参数：source目标字符串；start_str开始字符串；end_chr结束字符
//返回值：成功返回该子串，失败返回NULL
char* GetTargetStr(const char*source,char*start_str,char end_chr)
{
	char *p_start = NULL;
	char *p_end = NULL;
	p_start = strstr(source,start_str);
	p_start += strlen(start_str);
	p_end = strchr(p_start,end_chr);
	char *ret = NULL;
	if(p_end != NULL)
	{
		ret = (char*)malloc(p_end - p_start +1);
		ret[p_end - p_start] = '\0';
		memcpy(ret,p_start,p_end - p_start);
	}
	return ret;
}
//函数功能：获取WWW_Authenticate认证信息
//函数参数：self通信句柄；HttpRsp服务器响应数据包；HttpRspSize数据包的尺寸；head_len头长度;user登陆用户名；pwd用户密码
//返回值：成功返回OK，失败
//备注：该函数中nc的值,这里客户端不保存服务器发送的nonce,所以每次都是00000001
char *GetClientWWW_Authenticate(const char*response,long responseSize,int head_len\
		                  ,const char*user,const char*pwd)
{
	char *realm = GetTargetStr(response,"realm=\"",'\"');
	char *nonce = GetTargetStr(response,"nonce=\"",'\"');
	char *algorithm = GetTargetStr(response,"algorithm=",',');
	char *qop = GetTargetStr(response,"qop=\"",'\"');

	assert(realm && nonce && algorithm && qop);
	//FIXME
	char *nc = "00000001";
	char *cnonce = createRandomNum(32);//需要生成随机字符串

	char A1[100] = {0};
	sprintf(A1,"%s:%s:%s",user,realm,pwd);
	char *md5_A1 = MD5_sign((unsigned char*)A1,strlen(A1));

	char A2[80] = {0};
	sprintf(A2,"GET:/Auth");
	char *md5_A2 = MD5_sign((unsigned char*)A2,strlen(A2));

	char contact[512] = {0};
	sprintf(contact,"%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s",md5_A1,nonce,nc,cnonce,qop,md5_A2);
	FREE_MALLOC(md5_A1);
	FREE_MALLOC(md5_A2);

	char *rsp =  MD5_sign((unsigned char*)contact,strlen(contact));
	char WWW_Authenticate[256] = {0};
	char*format = "Digest username=\"%s\",realm=\"%s\",qop=\"%s\",algorithm=\"%s\",uri=\"/Auth\",nonce=\"%s\",nc=%s,cnonce=\"%s\",response=\"%s\"";
	sprintf(WWW_Authenticate,format,user,realm,qop,algorithm,nonce,nc,cnonce,rsp);

	FREE_MALLOC(realm);
	FREE_MALLOC(qop);
	FREE_MALLOC(algorithm);
	FREE_MALLOC(nonce);
	FREE_MALLOC(cnonce);
	FREE_MALLOC(rsp);
    return strdup(WWW_Authenticate);
}