flask 固定链接
Permalinks tutorial What are permalinks? Actually, they are just various links to entries of your website. Long ago, nearly all hyperlinks were permalinks, just because all content was static (static html pages). Later, with the development and popularization of programming languages, dynamic links began to appear. As example: dynamic listings of members, blogs, photos, etc. We ourselves can determine the permalinks scheme, in order to make them more friendly. As always, Rewrite engine (mod_rewrite module) is used to convert urls with different GET params into more human-readable urls.
永久链接教程什么是永久链接？ 实际上，它们只是指向您网站条目的各种链接。 很久以前，几乎所有超链接都是永久链接，只是因为所有内容都是静态的(静态html页面)。 后来，随着编程语言的发展和普及，动态链接开始出现。 例如：动态列出成员，博客，照片等。我们自己可以确定永久链接方案，以使其更加友好。 与往常一样，重写引擎(mod_rewrite模块)用于将具有不同GET参数的URL转换为更易于理解的URL。
In the beginning, I recommend that you check if ‘mod_rewrite’ is installed on your Apache server (phpinfo)
首先，建议您检查Apache服务器(phpinfo)上是否安装了'mod_rewrite'
现场演示
[sociallocker]
[社交储物柜]
打包下载
[/sociallocker]
[/ sociallocker]
Now you can download the package to follow my explanations.
现在，您可以下载该软件包以按照我的说明进行操作。
第1步-.htaccess (Step 1 – .htaccess)
Firstly, create an empty .htaccess file and paste next code:
首先，创建一个空的.htaccess文件并粘贴下一个代码：
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine on
# 1-level
RewriteRule ^home/{0,1}$ index.php?module=home [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^faces/{0,1}$ index.php?module=faces [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^clubs/{0,1}$ index.php?module=clubs [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^photos/{0,1}$ index.php?module=photos [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^videos/{0,1}$ index.php?module=videos [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^blog/{0,1}$ index.php?module=blog [QSA,L]
# 2-level
RewriteRule ^home/([^/.]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=home&key=$1 [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^faces/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=faces&value=$1 [QSA,L]
# 3-level
RewriteRule ^clubs/([^/.]+)/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=clubs&key=$1&value=$2 [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^photos/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=photos&value1=$1&value2=$2 [QSA,L]
# all other cases
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f [OR]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d
RewriteRule .+ - [L]
RewriteRule ^([^/]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=other&key=$1 [QSA,L]
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine on
# 1-level
RewriteRule ^home/{0,1}$ index.php?module=home [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^faces/{0,1}$ index.php?module=faces [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^clubs/{0,1}$ index.php?module=clubs [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^photos/{0,1}$ index.php?module=photos [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^videos/{0,1}$ index.php?module=videos [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^blog/{0,1}$ index.php?module=blog [QSA,L]
# 2-level
RewriteRule ^home/([^/.]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=home&key=$1 [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^faces/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=faces&value=$1 [QSA,L]
# 3-level
RewriteRule ^clubs/([^/.]+)/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=clubs&key=$1&value=$2 [QSA,L]
RewriteRule ^photos/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=photos&value1=$1&value2=$2 [QSA,L]
# all other cases
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f [OR]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d
RewriteRule .+ - [L]
RewriteRule ^([^/]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=other&key=$1 [QSA,L]
</IfModule>
Then, save this file, and upload to the root folder of your project (website). As usual, this is ‘www’ or ‘httpdocs’ folder. Now, let’s back to our rules:
然后，保存此文件，然后上传到项目的根文件夹(网站)。 和往常一样，这是“ www”或“ httpdocs”文件夹。 现在，让我们回到规则：
All rules are wrapped with ‘IfModule mod_rewrite’ construction. This is some kind of check if ‘mod_rewrite’ is installed or not. After, I added different permalink rules to different section of our ‘website’ (see – demo page). There are several main sections: home, faces, clubs, photos, videos and blog. Also, there are 2-level and 3-level constructions (links).
所有规则都使用'IfModule mod_rewrite'结构包装。 这是某种检查是否已安装'mod_rewrite'的方法。 之后，我在“网站”的不同部分添加了不同的永久链接规则(请参见演示页面)。 有几个主要部分：家庭，面Kong，俱乐部，照片，视频和博客。 另外，还有2级和3级结构(链接)。
In the beginning of every rule you can see ^ anchor. It means – ‘Start-of-line anchor’. Anchor ‘$’ – ‘End-of-line anchor’.
在每个规则的开头，您可以看到^锚。 这意味着–“线起点锚”。 锚点'$'–'行尾锚点'。
Pay attention, that we can use regular expressions in our rules, like [0-9]+) or ([^/]+). The first expressions is ‘any digit (any length)’, the second is ‘any symbol (any length)’.
请注意，我们可以在规则中使用正则表达式，例如[0-9] +)或([^ /] +)。 第一个表达式是“任何数字(任何长度)”，第二个表达式是“任何符号(任何长度)”。
Note, that in order to pass params into GET variables, we have to wrap necessary sections in round brackets. The first section will be accessible through ‘$1’ key, second – ‘$2’, and so on.
注意，为了将参数传递到GET变量中，我们必须将必要的部分包装在圆括号中。 第一部分将通过“ $ 1”键进行访问，第二部分将通过“ $ 2”等进行访问。
第2步– HTML (Step 2 – HTML)
in order to give our demo finished look, I prepared a template of our page
为了使演示更完整，我准备了页面模板
templates / index.html (templates/index.html)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="author" content="Script Tutorials" />
<title>Permalinks tutorial | Script Tutorials</title>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport" />
<!-- define base url -->
<base href="{url}" />
<!-- add styles -->
<link href="css/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="css/responsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<!-- logo -->
<a href="#" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png"></a>
<!-- extra top links -->
<div id="links">
<a href="about-us/">About us</a>
<a href="help/">Help</a>
<a href="contact-us/">Contact Us</a>
</div>
<!-- navigation menu -->
<div id="navmenu">
<nav id="menu">
<input type="checkbox" id="menu_check">
<label for="menu_check" onclick> </label>
<ul>
<li {mact1}><a href="home/">Home</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="home/facebook/"><span class="icon elem1"></span>Facebook</a></li>
<li><a href="home/google/"><span class="icon elem2"></span>Google</a></li>
<li><a href="home/rss/"><span class="icon elem3"></span>RSS</a></li>
<li><a href="home/skype/"><span class="icon elem4"></span>Skype</a></li>
<li><a href="home/stumbleupon/"><span class="icon elem5"></span>Stumbleupon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li {mact2}><a href="faces/">Faces</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="faces/1/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 1</a></li>
<li><a href="faces/2/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 2</a></li>
<li><a href="faces/3/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 3</a></li>
<li><a href="faces/4/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 4</a></li>
<li><a href="faces/5/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 5</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li {mact3}><a href="clubs/">Clubs</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="clubs/step/1/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 1</a></li>
<li><a href="clubs/step/2/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 2</a></li>
<li><a href="clubs/step/3/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 3</a></li>
<li><a href="clubs/step/4/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 4</a></li>
<li><a href="clubs/step/5/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 5</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li {mact4}><a href="photos/">Photos</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="photos/10/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 10</a></li>
<li><a href="photos/20/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 20</a></li>
<li><a href="photos/30/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 30</a></li>
<li><a href="photos/40/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 40</a></li>
<li><a href="photos/50/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 50</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li {mact5}><a href="videos/">Videos</a></li>
<li {mact6}><a href="blog/">Blog</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- search form -->
<div id="search">
<form role="search" method="get">
<input type="text" placeholder="search..." name="s" value="" autocomplete="off" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- main content section -->
<div class="main">
<!-- left column -->
<div class="left">
<!-- block element -->
<div class="block">
<h3 class="head">{title}</h3>
<div>
{explanation}
</div>
<h3 class="foot">Footer</h3>
</div>
</div>
<!-- right column -->
<div class="right">
<div class="block">
<h3 class="head">{title}</h3>
<div>
Some extra content. Some extra content. Some extra content. Some extra content.
</div>
<h3 class="foot">Footer</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer">
Permalinks tutorial (<a href="https://www.script-tutorials.com/permalinks-tutorial/">Back to original tutorial</a>)
</div>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="author" content="Script Tutorials" />
<title>Permalinks tutorial | Script Tutorials</title>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport" />
<!-- define base url -->
<base href="{url}" />
<!-- add styles -->
<link href="css/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="css/responsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<!-- logo -->
<a href="#" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png"></a>
<!-- extra top links -->
<div id="links">
<a href="about-us/">About us</a>
<a href="help/">Help</a>
<a href="contact-us/">Contact Us</a>
</div>
<!-- navigation menu -->
<div id="navmenu">
<nav id="menu">
<input type="checkbox" id="menu_check">
<label for="menu_check" onclick> </label>
<ul>
<li {mact1}><a href="home/">Home</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="home/facebook/"><span class="icon elem1"></span>Facebook</a></li>
<li><a href="home/google/"><span class="icon elem2"></span>Google</a></li>
<li><a href="home/rss/"><span class="icon elem3"></span>RSS</a></li>
<li><a href="home/skype/"><span class="icon elem4"></span>Skype</a></li>
<li><a href="home/stumbleupon/"><span class="icon elem5"></span>Stumbleupon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li {mact2}><a href="faces/">Faces</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="faces/1/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 1</a></li>
<li><a href="faces/2/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 2</a></li>
<li><a href="faces/3/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 3</a></li>
<li><a href="faces/4/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 4</a></li>
<li><a href="faces/5/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Faces 5</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li {mact3}><a href="clubs/">Clubs</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="clubs/step/1/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 1</a></li>
<li><a href="clubs/step/2/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 2</a></li>
<li><a href="clubs/step/3/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 3</a></li>
<li><a href="clubs/step/4/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 4</a></li>
<li><a href="clubs/step/5/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Clubs 5</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li {mact4}><a href="photos/">Photos</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="photos/10/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 10</a></li>
<li><a href="photos/20/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 20</a></li>
<li><a href="photos/30/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 30</a></li>
<li><a href="photos/40/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 40</a></li>
<li><a href="photos/50/10/"><span class="icon elem0"></span>Photos 50</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li {mact5}><a href="videos/">Videos</a></li>
<li {mact6}><a href="blog/">Blog</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- search form -->
<div id="search">
<form role="search" method="get">
<input type="text" placeholder="search..." name="s" value="" autocomplete="off" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- main content section -->
<div class="main">
<!-- left column -->
<div class="left">
<!-- block element -->
<div class="block">
<h3 class="head">{title}</h3>
<div>
{explanation}
</div>
<h3 class="foot">Footer</h3>
</div>
</div>
<!-- right column -->
<div class="right">
<div class="block">
<h3 class="head">{title}</h3>
<div>
Some extra content. Some extra content. Some extra content. Some extra content.
</div>
<h3 class="foot">Footer</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer">
Permalinks tutorial (<a href="https://www.script-tutorials.com/permalinks-tutorial/">Back to original tutorial</a>)
</div>
</body>
</html>
There are only several template keys in use: {url} (to set a base url), {mact1} – {mact6} (menu active element status), {title} and {explanation} (to place title and some explanation).
仅使用了几个模板密钥：{url}(用于设置基本URL)，{mact1} – {mact6}(菜单活动元素状态)，{title}和{explanation}(用于放置标题和说明)。
步骤3 – PHP (Step 3 – PHP)
index.php (index.php)
Finally, the code of our main homepage:
最后，我们主页的代码：
// active menu elements, titles and explanations (depending on params)
$sMac1 = $sMac2 = $sMac3 = $sMac4 = $sMac5 = $sMac6 = '';
$sTitle = $sText = 'Home';
if ($_GET) {
switch($_GET['module']) {
case 'home':
$sMac1 = 'class="active"';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^home/{0,1}$ index.php?module=home [QSA,L]';
if (isset($_GET['key']) && $_GET['key']) {
$sTitle .= ' - ' . $_GET['key'];
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^home/([^/.]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=home&key=$1 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
case 'faces':
$sMac2 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Faces';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^faces/{0,1}$ index.php?module=faces [QSA,L]';
if (isset($_GET['value'])) {
$sTitle .= ' - ' . (int)$_GET['value'] . ' page';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^faces/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=faces&value=$1 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
case 'clubs':
$sMac3 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Clubs';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^clubs/{0,1}$ index.php?module=clubs [QSA,L]';
if (isset($_GET['key']) && isset($_GET['value'])) {
$sTitle .= ' - ' . (int)$_GET['value'] . ' ' . $_GET['key'];
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^clubs/([^/.]+)/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=clubs&key=$1&value=$2 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
case 'photos':
$sMac4 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Photos';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^photos/{0,1}$ index.php?module=photos [QSA,L]';
if (isset($_GET['value1']) && isset($_GET['value2'])) {
$sTitle .= ' - ' . (int)$_GET['value1'] . ' : ' . (int)$_GET['value2'];
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^photos/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=photos&value1=$1&value2=$2 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
case 'videos':
$sMac5 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Videos';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^videos/{0,1}$ index.php?module=videos [QSA,L]';
break;
case 'blog':
$sMac6 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Blog';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^blog/{0,1}$ index.php?module=blog [QSA,L]';
break;
case 'other':
if (isset($_GET['key'])) {
$sTitle = 'Other - ' . $_GET['key'] . ' (or, error 404, not found)';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^([^/]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=other&key=$1 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
}
} else {
$sMac1 = 'class="active"';
}
// Display main page
$aKeys = array(
'{url}' => 'https://www.script-tutorials.com/demos/343/',
'{mact1}' => $sMac1,
'{mact2}' => $sMac2,
'{mact3}' => $sMac3,
'{mact4}' => $sMac4,
'{mact5}' => $sMac5,
'{mact6}' => $sMac6,
'{title}' => $sTitle,
'{explanation}' => $sText,
);
echo strtr(file_get_contents('templates/index.html'), $aKeys);
// active menu elements, titles and explanations (depending on params)
$sMac1 = $sMac2 = $sMac3 = $sMac4 = $sMac5 = $sMac6 = '';
$sTitle = $sText = 'Home';
if ($_GET) {
switch($_GET['module']) {
case 'home':
$sMac1 = 'class="active"';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^home/{0,1}$ index.php?module=home [QSA,L]';
if (isset($_GET['key']) && $_GET['key']) {
$sTitle .= ' - ' . $_GET['key'];
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^home/([^/.]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=home&key=$1 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
case 'faces':
$sMac2 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Faces';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^faces/{0,1}$ index.php?module=faces [QSA,L]';
if (isset($_GET['value'])) {
$sTitle .= ' - ' . (int)$_GET['value'] . ' page';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^faces/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=faces&value=$1 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
case 'clubs':
$sMac3 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Clubs';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^clubs/{0,1}$ index.php?module=clubs [QSA,L]';
if (isset($_GET['key']) && isset($_GET['value'])) {
$sTitle .= ' - ' . (int)$_GET['value'] . ' ' . $_GET['key'];
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^clubs/([^/.]+)/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=clubs&key=$1&value=$2 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
case 'photos':
$sMac4 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Photos';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^photos/{0,1}$ index.php?module=photos [QSA,L]';
if (isset($_GET['value1']) && isset($_GET['value2'])) {
$sTitle .= ' - ' . (int)$_GET['value1'] . ' : ' . (int)$_GET['value2'];
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^photos/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=photos&value1=$1&value2=$2 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
case 'videos':
$sMac5 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Videos';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^videos/{0,1}$ index.php?module=videos [QSA,L]';
break;
case 'blog':
$sMac6 = 'class="active"';
$sTitle = 'Blog';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^blog/{0,1}$ index.php?module=blog [QSA,L]';
break;
case 'other':
if (isset($_GET['key'])) {
$sTitle = 'Other - ' . $_GET['key'] . ' (or, error 404, not found)';
$sText = 'RewriteRule ^([^/]+)/{0,1}$ index.php?module=other&key=$1 [QSA,L]';
}
break;
}
} else {
$sMac1 = 'class="active"';
}
// Display main page
$aKeys = array(
'{url}' => 'https://www.script-tutorials.com/demos/343/',
'{mact1}' => $sMac1,
'{mact2}' => $sMac2,
'{mact3}' => $sMac3,
'{mact4}' => $sMac4,
'{mact5}' => $sMac5,
'{mact6}' => $sMac6,
'{title}' => $sTitle,
'{explanation}' => $sText,
);
echo strtr(file_get_contents('templates/index.html'), $aKeys);
As you see, depending on params – this code generates different titles and explanation texts for our template. Also it passes the base ‘website’ url.
如您所见，根据参数，此代码为我们的模板生成了不同的标题和说明文本。 它还通过基本的“网站” URL。
现场演示
结论 (Conclusion)
That’s all for today. I hope, that from now on you are able to apply your knowledge in practice in order to build friendly permalinks for your own projects. Good luck and welcome back
今天就这些。 我希望从现在开始，您可以在实践中运用您的知识，以便为自己的项目建立友好的永久链接。 祝你好运，欢迎回来
flask 固定链接
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