tail: 无法监视_世界病了：大规模监视

tail: 无法监视

How much does your privacy cost? Your medical information, your home address? How much is your browsing and search history? You might have never thought about that. You might have answered with an absurd number, or say that it’s priceless. Well, not for IT companies, apparently. You give out to them a huge amount of your personal data on a daily basis just for an opportunity to use their services that are truly vital, to be honest, in today’s world. This is the world we live in. Tech companies are colossal, ruthless, and unavoidable here. Welcome to the future! Is there an alternative to that? Is it a must to pay for our convenience with our data so they can put a price tag on it and sell it to the highest bidder? I’m ready to share my thoughts on that with you.

您的隐私费用是多少？ 您的医疗信息，家庭住址？ 您的浏览和搜索历史记录是多少？ 您可能从未想过。 您可能回答了一个荒谬的数字，或者说这是无价的。 好吧，显然不适合IT公司。 您每天都会向他们提供大量的个人数据，只是为了有机会使用他们在当今世界上至关重要的服务。 这就是我们生活的世界。科技公司在这里是巨大，残酷和不可避免的。 欢迎来到未来！ 是否有替代方法？ 是否必须使用我们的数据来支付我们的便利，以便他们可以在价格上加上价格标签并将其出售给出价最高的人？ 我已准备好与您分享我的想法。

Privacy is a basic human right that is as important as any other right or freedom. It is mentioned in most countries' constitutions and international acts. However, our world is not an idealistic utopia and privacy abuse is commonplace. Corporations do it, authorities do it and even individuals do it sometimes. The reasons for that may vary and are never presented as evil, but the truth is different. Companies do it to offer us some relevant ads and governments will tell you they are fighting criminals and terrorists and that it's all about safety.

隐私是一项基本人权 ，与其他任何权利或自由一样重要。 大多数国家的宪法和国际法中都提到了这一点。 但是，我们的世界不是理想主义的乌托邦，侵犯隐私行为很普遍。 公司这样做，主管当局这样做，甚至个人有时也会这样做。 造成这种情况的原因可能千差万别，永远不会被视为邪恶，但事实却是不同的。 公司这样做是为了向我们提供一些相关的广告，政府会告诉您他们正在打击犯罪分子和恐怖分子，而这一切都与安全有关。

With great power comes great responsibility. There’s no doubt that large amounts of data nowadays provide unprecedented power. Let’s look at just some of the examples and decide if we want to pay this price for our safety or convenience.

拥有权利的同时也被赋予了重大的责任。 毫无疑问，当今的大量数据提供了前所未有的强大功能。 让我们仅看一些示例，并决定是否出于安全或方便的考虑而为此付出代价。

The world was shocked by all the revelations Edward Snowden made back in 2013, but that was only the beginning…

这个世界是由所有的震惊揭露爱德华·斯诺登在2013年取得回来，但也仅仅是个开始......

广告监控 (Ad surveillance)

An industry that wants most of your data, apparently, is marketing. Marketing is a never-ending race for efficiency in order to make more money. To maximize profits, companies need to sell more, but the demand is finite. That is where marketing enters the game. It inflates the demand and makes people buy things that they probably would never even think about buying otherwise. However, marketing comes with its own set of expenses which cut into profits.

显然，需要大部分数据的行业是市场营销。 为了赚更多钱，营销是一场永无止境的效率竞赛。 为了使利润最大化，公司需要出售更多，但需求是有限的。 那就是营销进入游戏的地方。 它夸大了需求，使人们购买了他们可能根本不会考虑购买的东西。 但是，市场营销有其自己的一系列费用，这些费用会削减利润。

Companies are looking for ways to maximize their profits by lowering marketing costs. In order to achieve this, they invented targeting. On the surface, it is a clever and somewhat harmless idea: run fewer ads by showing them only to people who they are relevant to. Looks like a win-win situation: people are not annoyed by the irrelevant ads and companies save money. However, micro-targeting emerged very soon…

公司正在寻找通过降低营销成本来最大化利润的方法。 为了实现这一目标，他们发明了定位技术。 从表面上看，这是一个聪明且有些无害的想法：通过仅向与之相关的人展示广告来投放较少的广告。 看起来是双赢的局面：人们不会因无关紧要的广告而烦恼，公司会省钱。 但是，微型定位很快就出现了……

Micro-targeting is a targeting approach, which aims at individual people instead of groups and communities. The downside is that it requires massive amounts of data about a potential customer: his or her age, gender, preferences, interests, habits, location, medical conditions, relationship status, financial situation, political views and much more. It is not an easy task to get all that data considering no one is willing to give it all out to complete strangers in order to receive relevant ads. That’s why companies decided to take it themselves without permission by invading one’s privacy and gathering the most data they can.

微观定位是一种针对性方法，它针对的是个人而不是群体和社区。 缺点是， 它需要有关潜在客户的大量数据 ：他或她的年龄，性别，喜好，兴趣，习惯，位置，医疗状况，关系状况，财务状况，政治观点等等。 考虑到没有人愿意将这些数据全部分发给完整的陌生人以接收相关广告 ，要获得所有数据并非易事。 这就是为什么公司决定通过侵犯自己的隐私并收集尽可能多的数据而未经许可自行使用 。

This invasion has no limits. Personal conversations? Done. Medical records? No problem. Search and view history? Whatever it takes to make profits.

这种入侵没有限制。 个人对话？ 做完了 病历？ 没问题。 搜索和查看历史记录？ 赚钱所需的一切。

剖析 (Profiling)

Eventually, various companies end up with gigabytes worth of data about you, but there’s a problem. These companies have only managed to collect data they can reach: Uber has your location history and home address, Facebook got your political views and social connections covered, Google has your search history and Apple with their calendar and other apps are familiar with your schedule and habits, etc. Of course, these are all examples of valuable, in terms of micro-targeting, data about you. However, there’s not much these companies can do solely with their bit; it would be much more useful combined. That’s where data profiles appear.

最终，各种公司最终获得了有关您的千兆字节数据，但这是一个问题。 这些公司仅设法收集了他们可以访问的数据：Uber拥有您的位置记录和家庭住址，Facebook拥有您的政治见解和社交关系，Google拥有您的搜索记录，Apple拥有日历和其他应用程序熟悉您的行程和习惯等。当然，这些都是从微观定位角度来看与您有关的数据的宝贵示例。 但是，这些公司仅靠自己的工作就无能为力了。 这将是更有益的结合 。 那就是数据配置文件出现的地方。

Data profile is a kind of a personal record, a consolidated database that combines various data about an individual gathered from several sources. This way we can picture an individual according to data we know about him which comes in handy for micro-targeting purposes.

数据配置文件是一种个人记录，是一个合并的数据库，该数据库合并了从多个来源收集的有关个人的各种数据。 这样，我们就可以根据我们了解的有关某人的数据来描绘该人，这对于微目标用途非常有用。

Profiles are usually created by big companies such as Google and Facebook. Because of how big and integral their services are, they’re able to collect all sorts of different data which can be later combined into profiles. Another source of profiles are data-broker companies, which buy data from a lot of smaller companies, package it into a ready-for-sale profile and sell it to anyone willing to pay. What is shocking to me is the fact that data-brokerage is a completely legal business in most of the countries, including the US.

个人资料通常由Google和Facebook等大公司创建。 由于服务的规模和完整性，它们能够收集各种不同的数据，这些数据以后可以合并到配置文件中。 配置文件的另一个来源是数据代理公司 ，这些公司从许多较小的公司购买数据，将其打包成可出售的配置文件，然后出售给愿意付款的任何人。 令我震惊的是，在包括美国在内的大多数国家中， 数据经纪业务是完全合法的业务 。

资料外泄 (Data leaks)

Data leaks occur all the time. Sometimes they can be a result of a hacker attack, but a much more common reason for them is banal incompetence and lack of responsibility of the workers. They leave unprotected databases available for everyone on the internet. They store unencrypted account data or try making money selling their users’ data on the side. One of the biggest known leaked sets of data is “Collection #1” database discovered by the founder of Haveibeenpwned service Troy Hunt. He studied the database and what he found was truly frightening. The database contained approximately a billion unique data profiles, which means where were about one billion people’s data from all over the world. The profiles included emails and passwords, which could easily lead to the real name, phone number, banking accounts, home address, SSN, and other personal data for each of the victims. Further research has revealed, that the majority of the data found in “Collection #1” came from the leaks and several major legal data-brokers.

数据泄漏一直在发生。 有时，它们可能是黑客攻击的结果，但更常见的原因是平庸的无能和工人缺乏责任感。 它们使不受保护的数据库可供Internet上的每个人使用。 他们存储未加密的帐户数据，或尝试通过出售用户数据来赚钱。 Haveibeenpwned服务提供商 Troy Hunt的创始人发现的最大的已知泄漏数据集之一是“ Collection＃1”数据库。 他研究了数据库，发现发现确实令人恐惧。 该数据库包含大约十亿个唯一的数据配置文件 ，这意味着来自世界各地的十亿个人的数据在哪里。 这些配置文件包括电子邮件和密码，可以轻松找到每个受害者的真实姓名，电话号码，银行帐户，家庭住址，SSN和其他个人数据。 进一步的研究表明，在“集合1”中找到的大多数数据来自泄漏和一些主要的法律数据经纪人。

权力滥用 (Authority abuse)

I have already mentioned, how powerful data is. It is no surprise that it’s useful not only to the advertisers, but also to governments.

我已经提到过，数据有多么强大。 毫不奇怪，它不仅对广告商有用，而且对政府有用。

Democratic governments utilize it as an instrument to influence people’s opinions and get an insight into what is on their mind. That gives them an opportunity to influence the elections and increase the efficiency of their election campaigns as well as sink their opponents.

民主政府利用它作为一种手段来影响人们的意见，并洞悉他们的想法。 这给了他们一个机会来影响选举，提高选举活动的效率，并击垮对手。

Authoritarian governments use surveillance to track down and prosecute the opposition, squelch the resistance, extend the censorship and gain even more power and control over their citizens. It is also common for them to prosecute opposition figures publicly: they want everyone to see their power and feel threatened, watched and unsafe just because of their political views. This is a tactic known as “self-censoring” – a way to make people think twice before saying, posting, or even thinking about something that is against the government’s official position, knowing, what the consequences for them might be. We have seen, how effective this strategy is many times over the course of history and sure will see again. This strategy is used right now in Russia and China. Its implementation was a major success for these governments.

威权政府利用监视来追踪和起诉反对派，压制抵抗力量，扩大审查制度，并对其公民获得更大的权力和控制权。 他们公开起诉反对派人士也很常见：他们希望每个人都因为自己的政治观点而看到自己的力量，感到受到威胁，受到监视和感到不安全。 这是一种称为“自我审查”的策略-一种使人们在发表，发表，甚至思考与政府官方立场背道而驰的东西之前三思而后行的方法，知道对他们的后果是什么。 我们已经看到，该策略在历史过程中多次奏效，并且肯定会再次看到。 俄罗斯和中国目前都在使用这种策略。 对于这些政府来说，实施该计划是一项重大成功。

This kind of unprecedented power and technology allows for a transition to what some political scientists refer to as a “Digital totalitarianism” – a never seen before form of polity, which strikingly resembles George Orwell’s "1984". The only difference is that it is now becoming the reality. Authoritarian governments, such as China, Russia, and North Korea are willing to do whatever it takes to gain this kind of power. And they have already made some progress on that path, having developed technology and practices, which they’re willing to export abroad.

这种空前的力量和技术使人们可以过渡到某些政治学家所说的“数字极权主义” –一种从未见过的政体形式，与乔治·奥威尔(George Orwell)的“ 1984”极为相似。 唯一的区别是， 它正在成为现实 。 中国，俄罗斯和朝鲜等威权政府愿意为获得这种权力而竭尽全力。 他们已经在这条道路上取得了一些进展，已经开发了技术和实践，并愿意将其出口到国外。

社会和企业评级 (Social and corporate rating)

Historically, a lot of philosophers, politicians, writers and scientists have been trying to come up with a solution to a problem. This one problem was figuring out a way to make the world a better, safer and fairer place. However, one idea that has always been around is social score. We can even see it in some religions, such as Hinduism, referred to as karma. At first glance, it might look like a great solution to our problem with making the world a better place: why not just give everyone a karma, a score? One would gain points for acting in a way, that is admired by society: helping people, obeying the laws and doing other useful things, and lose those points for acting badly: violating the laws, etc. These points would determine if one should get the right to use public goods and services or be restricted from them, whether that means getting a good job and education or getting limited in the rights and excluded from the community. However, this is a terrible idea for a number of reasons.

从历史上看，许多哲学家，政治家，作家和科学家一直在努力提出解决问题的办法。 这个问题就是想办法使世界变得更好，更安全，更公平。 但是，一直存在的一个想法是社交评分 。 我们甚至可以在某些宗教中看到它，例如印度教，也称为业力 。 乍一看，这可能是解决我们使世界变得更美好的问题的一个很好的解决方案：为什么不只给每个人一个因果报酬，一个分数？ 一个人的举止会获得社会赞赏的一种方式 ：帮助人们，遵守法律和做其他有用的事情，而由于行为不端而失去这些点子 ：违反法律等。这些点数决定了人们是否应该得到使用公共物品和服务的权利或受其限制的权利，无论这意味着获得一份好工作和受教育的权利，还是受到权利的限制并被社区排斥的权利。 但是，出于多种原因， 这是一个糟糕的主意 。

Firstly, this kind of system is very dependent on the rules, but who gets to set them? An authoritarian government, that has zero concern about human rights and ethics of their policy? Or corporations, whose primary goal is maximizing profits? Maybe the diverse society, whose views are so commonly different, that they can’t even work out an agreement and end up starting wars? None of these options seem appropriate. However, these discriminatory systems are still getting put in place around the world.

首先，这种系统非常依赖规则，但是谁来设置规则呢？ 一个专制政府，对人权和政策道德有零关注？ 还是公司的主要目标是实现利润最大化？ 也许是不同的社会，他们的观点通常如此不同，以至于他们甚至无法达成协议并最终引发战争？ 这些选项似乎都不适合。 但是， 这些歧视性系统仍在全球范围内建立起来。

For example, the Chinese system raises the score for those actively participating in pro-party meetings and reporting their friends, neighbors, colleagues and family members to the police. And there are already plenty of victims: people who can’t buy airplane and train tickets, can’t cross the borders and are restricted from using some of the public services. China goes as far as sending Muslims, who they consider dangerous, to concentration camps with the help of mass surveillance systems.

例如， 中国系统提高了积极参加党派会议并向警方报告其朋友，邻居，同事和家庭成员的分数。 而且已经有很多受害者：无法购买飞机票和火车票，无法越境并且被限制使用某些公共服务的人。 中国竟把发送与质量监控系统的帮助穆斯林，他们认为危险谁， 集中营 。

Furthermore, in order to work, this kind of system would require society to give up any privacy once and for all. How would we know if someone has done anything bad if it stays a secret? In China, they install facial recognition surveillance cameras everywhere, abuse the access to every possible database, make up ridiculous laws, and monitor social media platforms to get this system running. What will they come up with next? Order everyone to get a chip installed in their brain or wear some sort of mind-control helmet? We don’t know yet, but the possibilities are frightening.

此外，为了工作，这种系统将要求社会一劳永逸地放弃任何隐私 。 如果有人秘密做某件事，我们怎么知道呢？ 在中国，他们到处都安装了面部识别监控摄像头，滥用了对每个可能的数据库的访问权限，制定了荒谬的法律，并监控社交媒体平台以使该系统运行。 接下来他们会怎么想？ 命令每个人在他们的大脑中安装芯片或戴某种精神控制头盔？ 我们还不知道，但是可能性令人恐惧。

Last, but not least, this system would never be ideally and perfectly secure. This leaves room for speculation and abuse, carried out by people, who operate it. Corruption is also likely to be in place, so we will most certainly see people bribing the operators in order to edit their own records for the better, or someone else’s, who they don’t like for the worse.

最后但并非最不重要的一点是， 该系统永远不会是理想的和绝对安全的 。 这给进行操作的人们进行猜测和滥用留下了空间。 腐败也很可能到位，因此我们肯定会看到人们贿赂操作员，以使自己的记录变得更好，或者使别人不喜欢的记录变得更糟。

I think it is obvious now, that we should abandon the idea of using a social score once and for all, because we would most certainly lose from it rather than benefit as a society. However, there are governments and corporations who would benefit from these systems and I am pretty sure we will see them trying to implement those systems in the near future and we should never let them succeed. We have to stand up for our privacy, not only because it matters, but also because we now know. We know, that a thousand-mile journey to a dystopian future begins with a single step of letting companies show us relevant ads.

我认为现在很明显， 我们应该放弃一劳永逸地使用社交评分的想法 ，因为我们很可能肯定会因此而失败，而不是作为一个社会受益 。 但是，有些政府和公司将从这些系统中受益，我很确定我们会看到他们尝试在不久的将来实施这些系统，我们绝不能让它们成功。 我们必须捍卫我们的隐私，不仅因为它很重要，而且因为我们现在知道。 我们知道，通往反乌托邦未来的千里旅程始于让公司向我们展示相关广告的第一步。

翻译自: https://habr.com/en/post/517522/

tail: 无法监视