linux debian_Debian Linux | 第1部分

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Debian Linux (Debian Linux)

Debian (/ de.bjan /) is a community organization and democratic, whose goal is the development of an operating system based entirely on free software.

Debian(/ de.bjan /)是一个社区组织和民主组织，其目标是开发完全基于自由软件的操作系统。

The system, itself named Debian provides a way of uniting many elements that can be developed independently of each other for several hardware architectures and software on several nuclei. These packages are associated in the form of “packets” flexible depending on the choices and needs (there are over 25,000 in 2009).

该系统本身名为Debian，它提供了一种方法，可以将许多可以彼此独立开发的元素结合在一起，以用于多个核上的几种硬件体系结构和软件。 这些软件包以“分组”的形式灵活关联，具体取决于选择和需求(2009年超过25,000个)。

It usually equates to its Debian GNU / Linux (the GNU / Linux Debian), because until 2009 the only branch that is fully functional, but other versions of the system are under development: Debian GNU Hurd or Debian GNU / kFreeBSD (whose first stable versions are provided with the version “Squeeze”).

它通常等同于其Debian GNU / Linux(即GNU / Linux Debian)，因为直到2009年，唯一的一个功能完整的分支才被开发，但该系统的其他版本正在开发中：Debian GNU Hurd或Debian GNU / kFreeBSD(第一个稳定的版本)版本随版本“ Squeeze”一起提供)。

Debian is used as the basis for many other distributions such as Knoppix or Ubuntu which has proved extremely successful. In late 2005, the original version was chosen as the operating system GNU / Linux for use with the hardware of the city of Munich, nearly 14,000 PCs. On July 27, 2009, it was decided that the gels would release in December of each odd year to allow for release in spring of each even-numbered year.

Debian被用作许多其他发行版的基础，例如Knoppix或Ubuntu，它们被证明非常成功。 在2005年末，原始版本被选为GNU / Linux操作系统，可与慕尼黑市的硬件(约14,000台PC)配合使用。 2009年7月27日，决定将凝胶在每个奇数年的12月释放，以允许在每个偶数年的春天释放。

Project Organization

项目组织

Debian is a Linux distribution, not trade, launched in 1993 by Ian Murdock with the support of the Free Software Foundation, its principal aim to provide an operating system composed entirely of free software. Debian is pronounced “Debian”. This name finds its origin in the contraction of two names: Debra, the wife of the creator of the project, and Ian, the creator himself.

Debian是Ian Murdock在自由软件基金会的支持下于1993年推出的Linux发行版，而不是贸易版本，其主要目的是提供完全由自由软件组成的操作系统。 Debian的发音为“ Debian”。 这个名称的起源是两个名字的缩写：项目创建者的妻子Debra和创建者本人Ian。

The Debian Project is organized around three pillars:

Debian项目围绕三个Struts进行组织：

1. A social contract with the free software community defines broad principles that developers adhere ;
   与自由软件社区的社会契约定义了开发人员遵守的广泛原则;
2. The principles of the Debian Free Software (or DFSG) define precisely the meaning of the word “free” for Debian developers ;
   Debian自由软件(或DFSG)的原理为Debian开发人员精确定义了“免费”一词的含义；
3. Constitution describes the inner workings of the project, methods of decision making and the roles of various actors: the project leader, secretary, developers, etc.. Democracy Internet uses a weighted voting by rank: the Schulze method (a Condorcet method).
   宪法描述了项目的内部运作，决策方法以及各种参与者的角色：项目负责人，秘书，开发人员等。民主互联网使用按等级的加权投票：舒尔茨方法(Condorcet方法)。

Legally, the Debian Project is a nonprofit association called SPI (Software in the Public Interest).

从法律上讲，Debian项目是一个名为SPI(公共利益软件)的非营利性协会。

Debian is actually the name of the organization, but is often used to denote the specific distribution Debian GNU / Linux. However, other non-Debian distributions based on the Linux kernel are being studied, including those based on the Hurd, the heart of the GNU operating system. Plans for porting to other nuclei are also underway: Debian GNU / Hurd, Debian GNU / kFreeBSD and Debian GNU / NetBSD.

Debian实际上是组织的名称，但通常用来表示Debian GNU / Linux的特定发行版。 但是，正在研究其他基于Linux内核的非Debian发行版，包括基于GNU操作系统核心Hurd的发行版。 移植到其他核的计划也在进行中：Debian GNU / Hurd，Debian GNU / kFreeBSD和Debian GNU / NetBSD。

The foundation gathers several hundreds of programmers, but not all are active. Programmers assets are normally responsible for managing one or more modules. Coordination is maintained through exchanges on mailing lists or IRC chat, and by the organs of the foundation.

该基金会聚集了数百名程序员，但并非所有人都活跃。 程序员资产通常负责管理一个或多个模块。 通过邮件列表或IRC聊天上的交流以及基金会的机构来保持协调。

The project is led by a Debian Project Leader (Debian project leader) elected (or reelected) each year by members in respect of the constitution of the foundation. Its powers are limited, and decisions of any importance are made by the community. He is assisted since 2006 by a Debian Second in Charge (2IC). Another important item is the release manager, himself assisted release assistants. Its role is defined (with the developer community) objectives of the next version, to oversee the process and set release dates.

该项目由一名Debian项目负责人(Debian项目负责人)领导，该负责人每年由成员根据基金会的组成选出(或再次当选)。 它的权力是有限的，任何重要的决定都是由社区做出的。 自2006年以来，他得到了Debian主管(2IC)的协助。 另一个重要的项目是发布经理，他自己是发布助理。 (与开发人员社区一起)定义了其角色的下一个版本目标，以监督流程并设置发布日期。

The project is composed of volunteers, mostly developers. Thus, the foundation has reduced financial requirements, satisfied by in-kind donations (computers, for example) or silver.

该项目由志愿者组成，主要是开发商。 因此，基金会通过实物捐赠(例如计算机)或白银来降低了财务需求。

项目负责人 (Project leaders)

The project had project managers following :

该项目的项目经理如下：

1. Ian Murdock (August 1993 – March 1996), founder of the Debian Project; 2. Bruce Perens (April 1996 – December 1997); 3. Ian Jackson (January 1998 – December 1998); 4. Wichert Akkerman (January 1999 – March 2001); 5. Ben Collins (April 2001 – April 2002); 6. Bdale Garbee (April 2002 – April 2003); 7. Martin Michlmayr (March 2003 – March 2005); 8. Branden Robinson (April 2005 – April 2006); 9. Anthony Towns (April 2006 – April 2007); 10. Samuel “Sam Hocevar (April 2007 – April 2008); 11. Steve McIntyre (April 2008 – April 2010) , ; 12. Stefano Zacchiroli (April 2010 – present).

1. Ian Murdock(1993年8月– 1996年3月)，Debian项目的创始人； 2.布鲁斯·佩伦斯(1996年4月– 1997年12月)； 3.伊恩·杰克逊(1998年1月– 1998年12月)； 4. Wichert Akkerman(1999年1月– 2001年3月)； 5.本·科林斯(2001年4月– 2002年4月)； 6. Bdale Garbee(2002年4月– 2003年4月)； 7. Martin Michlmayr(2003年3月– 2005年3月)； 8.布兰登·罗宾逊(Branden Robinson)(2005年4月– 2006年4月)； 9.安东尼·汤斯(2006年4月– 2007年4月)； 10.塞缪尔·“萨姆·霍塞瓦尔”(2007年4月– 2008年4月)； 11.史蒂夫·麦金太尔(2008年4月– 2010年4月)； 12. Stefano Zacchiroli(2010年4月至今)。

发布经理 (Release managers)

1. Brian C. White (1997-1999). 2. Richard Braakman (1999-2000). 3. Anthony Towns (2000-2004). 4. Steve Langasek, Andreas Barth and Colin Watson (2004-2007). 5. Andreas Barth and Luk Claes (2007-2008). 6. Luk Claes and Marc Brockschmidt (2008-2009). 7. Luk Claes and Adeodato Simó (2009 -?).

1. Brian C. White(1997-1999)。 2.理查德·布拉克曼(1999-2000)。 3.安东尼·汤斯(2000-2004)。 4. Steve Langasek，Andreas Barth和Colin Watson(2004-2007)。 5. Andreas Barth和Luk Claes(2007-2008)。 6.卢克·克莱斯和马克·布罗克施密特(2008-2009)。 7.卢克·克莱斯(Luk Claes)和阿迪达托·西莫(AdeodatoSimó)(2009-？)。

软件发行 (Software Distribution)

The GNU / Linux has about 25,000 software packages developed and maintained by a thousand developers. Debian is known for its reliability and its original package manager (APT), the file format. Deb, allowing updates and ensuring a seamless system. Debian is available for a dozen hardware platforms: m68k, SPARC, Alpha, PowerPC, x86, IA-64, PA-RISC, MIPS (big and little-endian), ARM, OS/390, and more recently AMD64.

GNU / Linux拥有大约25,000个软件包，由一千名开发人员开发和维护。 Debian以其可靠性和原始的软件包管理器(APT)(文件格式)而闻名。 Deb，允许更新并确保系统无缝。 Debian可用于十二种硬件平台：m68k，SPARC，Alpha，PowerPC，x86，IA-64，PA-RISC，MIPS(大小端)，ARM，OS / 390和最近的AMD64。

软件包部分 (Sections of software packages)

For each branch, three sections are available:

对于每个分支，可以使用三个部分：

• The main section is the main section of Debian. It contains most of the packages;
  主要部分是Debian的主要部分。 它包含大多数软件包。
• The non-free section includes all packets that do not meet DFSG. They are no longer officially part of the distribution and are not maintained by Debian developers. Package VRMS indicates whether non-free packages on the system;
  非自由部分包括不符合DFSG的所有数据包。 它们不再正式成为发行版的一部分，也不由Debian开发人员维护。 软件包VRMS指示系统上是否有非免费软件包；
• Contrib section is for packages that meet the DFSG, but depend on a package of non-free section.
  Contrib部分用于符合DFSG的软件包，但取决于非自由部分的软件包。

包装管理 (Package Management)

Dpkg is the main program for manipulating package files (including APT also had recourse to the installation of such programs).

Dpkg是用于处理软件包文件的主要程序(包括APT也必须使用此类程序的安装)。

APT “Advanced Packaging Tool (or” utility package management advanced “in French) is an advanced interface to the management system for Debian packages, which consists of several programs whose names begin with” apt-“(apt- get, apt-cache apt-cdrom, etc.). Besides its ease of use and versatility, its value lies in its automatic management of dependencies between different packages. There is also a GUI for this program: Synaptic.

APT“高级打包工具(或法语的高级实用程序包管理)”是Debian软件包管理系统的高级界面，该界面由几个名称以“ apt-”(apt-apt，apt-cache apt开头)的程序组成-cdrom等)。 除了易于使用和多功能之外，它的价值还在于它可以自动管理不同软件包之间的依赖关系。 该程序还有一个GUI： Synaptic 。

Dselect user interface history, allowing easier management packages. This utility tends to give way to ability.

Dselect用户界面历史记录 ，使管理包更容易。 该实用程序倾向于让位于能力。

Continued…

继续…

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/debian-linux-part-1/

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