开发行数统计工具_制片厂如何发行数十年之久的高清电影和电视节目的高清版本？...-CSDN博客

开发行数统计工具

One of the benefits of the widespread adoption of high-definition television sets and HD capable media players like Blu Ray players and HD-capable streaming boxes has been a push for film and television studios to re-release old content in beautiful HD. But how exactly are they producing HD content 20+ years after the fact?

高清晰度电视机和具有蓝光播放器和具有高清功能的流媒体盒等具有高清功能的媒体播放器得到广泛采用的好处之一，是推动电影和电视工作室重新发行精美的高清旧内容。但是，事实发生20年后，他们又如何准确地产生高清内容？

Dear How-To Geek,

亲爱的How-To Geek，

First, let me open by saying I’m not a very clever man, and I’m sure the answer to my question is readily apparent to everyone but me. With that in mind though, I’m really curious about all the newly released content over the last few years that features HD quality footage of very old material.

首先，我要说我不是一个很聪明的人，我敢肯定，我的问题的答案对除了我以外的所有人都是显而易见的。考虑到这一点，我对过去几年中所有新发行的内容都非常好奇，这些内容都具有非常古老的素材的高清质量素材。

For example I was looking for a Cheers box-set on Amazon and saw that they have plenty of standard definition DVDs, but they also have all the original seasons in HD. The show first aired back in 1982 which was practically thirty years before HDTV sets got a majority share in the U.S. market. The HD version of the show was fantastic looking and, to boot, was in 16:9 widescreen format! You could actually see more on the screen than when you watched the show back in the day.

例如，当我在亚马逊上寻找Cheers盒装电视机时，发现它们有很多标清DVD，但它们也有所有原始的高清季节。该节目于1982年首次播出，距高清电视在美国市场上占据多数份额还差三十年。节目的高清版本看起来很棒，并且引导为16：9宽屏格式！实际上，您可以在屏幕上看到的内容比在白天观看节目时要多。

Same thing with really old movies like Ben-Hur; it came out in 1959 but you can get a beautiful HD Blu-ray copy today. The movie looks stunning on a nice big HDTV set, the colors are crisp, it’s like it was filmed yesterday.

对于像Ben-Hur这样的老电影来说也是一样。它于1959年问世，但今天您可以获得精美的高清蓝光拷贝。这部电影在不错的大型高清电视上看起来令人惊艳，色彩清脆，就像昨天拍摄的一样。

So what’s the deal? How is it that technology from decades ago (and even a half century ago) can yield such a high quality video for today’s modern televisions?

那怎么办？几十年前(甚至半个世纪前)的技术如何为当今的现代电视提供如此高质量的视频？

Sincerely,

真诚的

HD Curious

高清好奇

While we enjoy answering questions of all stripes, be they about simple hardware problems or abstract concepts, we really enjoy fun little questions like the one you’ve posed today because it’s a geeky inquiry for the sake of geeky inquiry. Let’s take a little trip down memory lane and the history of movie and television production to illuminate how our beloved movies and shows from decades past can look so amazing today.

尽管我们喜欢回答各种问题，无论是有关简单的硬件问题还是抽象概念，但我们确实喜欢一些有趣的小问题，例如您今天提出的问题，因为它是出于怪异查询的一种怪异查询。让我们沿着记忆的历程和电影和电视制作的历史走一小段路，来阐明我们数十年来心爱的电影和节目在今天如何令人赞叹。

Throughout the 20th century movies and television shows were recorded on a variety of film mediums. Major motion pictures were shot on 35mm film (and some big budget films were shot on 65-70mm film). Television shows were typically shot on 16mm film. Very low budget television shows and movies were shot on 8mm film. The reference image below, courtesy of the Australian National Film & Sound Archive, shows the relative scale of common film standards:

在整个20世纪，电影和电视节目都是通过各种电影媒体录制的。在35mm胶片上拍摄了大型电影(在65-70mm胶片上拍摄了一些预算较大的电影)。电视节目通常使用16毫米胶片拍摄。预算很低的电视节目和电影都是在8毫米胶片上拍摄的。以下参考图片由澳大利亚国家电影和声音档案馆提供，显示了常见电影标准的相对规模：

The thing about film is that it’s incredibly high “resolution”. We enclose resolution in quotations in the previous sentence because film doesn’t technically have a resolution in the sense that a digital display or capture device does. Film has no pixel count; there is no orderly arrangement of little red, blue, and green markers into any sort of grid.

电影的意义在于它具有极高的“分辨率”。我们将分辨率放在上一句的引号中，因为从技术上讲，胶片在数字显示或捕获设备上没有分辨率。电影没有像素数；没有将红色，蓝色和绿色的小标记按顺序排列成任何网格。

Film instead has grains. The very nature of film is that it is a transport medium for a chemical emulsion that, when properly exposed to light under controlled conditions, captures the scene before the camera lense in incredible detail. Long before we were talking about how many millions of pixels a cutting edge digital camera could capture, even the simplest of film cameras was capturing millions upon millions of “pixels” in the form of film grain which yielded high levels of detail.

电影反而有谷物。胶卷的本质是，它是化学乳液的传输介质，当在受控条件下适当地暴露于光线下时，它可以捕捉到令人难以置信的细节。在我们谈论最先进的数码相机可以捕获多少个像素之前，就连最简单的胶片相机都以胶片颗粒的形式捕获了数百万个“像素”，从而产生了高水平的细节。

How high a level of detail are we talking? Because film and digital video/photography are not analogous it’s essentially impossible to say “a film frame of X size has Y resolution” and the very topic has been the subject of some controversy over the years.

我们在说多少细节？由于胶片和数字视频/摄影不是相似的，因此基本上不可能说“ X尺寸的胶片框架具有Y分辨率”，而且多年来，这个话题一直是一些争议的主题。

That said, without getting into a huge film versus digital debate, we can highlight the differences that are relevant to your question. Specifically, we can talk about how high the “resolution” of various film is when starting with a high quality film sample. Remember, however, that the film doesn’t get an actual resolution, in the digital sense, until it is captured by a scanning device and actually digitized for use in broadcast media, Blu-ray discs, or streaming services.

就是说，无需深入讨论电影与数字辩论，我们就可以强调与您的问题相关的差异。具体来说，我们可以谈谈从高质量的胶片样本开始时各种胶片的“分辨率”有多高。但是请记住，在用扫描设备捕获并真正数字化以用于广播媒体，蓝光光盘或流媒体服务之前，该电影没有达到数字意义上的实际分辨率。

35mm film, the kind of film used for most old movies, can easily be considered around 20 megapixels or greater in resolution. The lesser used but absolutely enormous 65-70mm film has, as you’d guess, roughly double the potential resolution of 35mm film and could be converted into a 30-40 megapixel image. Coincidentally Ben-Hur, the movie you referenced, was shot on 65mm film.

35mm胶片(大多数旧电影中使用的胶片)很容易被认为分辨率约为20兆像素或更高。如您所料，使用较少但绝对巨大的65-70mm胶片具有大约35mm胶片潜在分辨率的两倍，并且可以转换为30-40百万像素的图像。巧合的是，您引用的电影Ben-Hur是在65mm胶片上拍摄的。

Standard 16mm film has roughly half the surface area of 35mm film and can be considered around 10 megapixels or greater in resolution. 8mm film, the film many old home movies and budget films were shot in, varies the most widely in quality but typically depending on the equipment used and the film quality can have anywhere from 1-5 megapixels or so. As an aside, many people think of the blurry and low-quality home movies their parents or grandparents shot on 8mm film back in the 1960s and 1970s as representative of 8mm film but those low-quality films are really more representative of the low-quality of consumer cameras and consumer film they were with and on.

标准的16mm胶片的表面积大约是35mm胶片的一半，可以认为分辨率约为10兆像素或更大。 8毫米胶片，许多老式家庭影片和廉价影片的胶片都在拍摄中，其质量变化最为广泛，但通常取决于所用的设备，胶片质量可以在1-5兆像素左右。顺便说一句，许多人认为他们的父母或祖父母在1960年代和1970年代在8mm胶片上拍摄的模糊和低质量的家庭电影是8mm胶片的代表，但那些低质量的电影实际上更能代表低质量的电影。与他们一起使用的消费类相机和消费类胶卷。

Even though film and digital video aren’t equivalent mediums the numbers we threw around in the previous paragraph are useful as a frame of reference; not because anyone is realistically going to attempt to convert a still from Ben-Hur into a 40 megapixel mural but because it provides a way for us to compare how much information is packed into a frame of film compared to a modern HDTV frame.

即使电影和数字视频不是等效的媒介，我们在上一段中提到的数字也可以作为参考框架。并不是因为有人实际上要尝试将静止图像从Ben-Hur转换成40百万像素的壁画，而是因为它为我们提供了一种方法，可以比较胶片帧与现代HDTV帧中包装的信息量。

The resolution of a 1080p movie, when translated into a “megapixel’ count, for example, is a mere 2 megapixels (as there are roughly two million pixels in each frame). Even the new 4K video that blows everyone away with its realism only provides a little under the equivalent of nine megapixels of resolution per frame.

例如，将1080p电影的分辨率转换为“百万像素”计数时，其分辨率仅为2百万像素(因为每帧中大约有200万像素)。即使是令所有人震惊的新4K视频，也只能提供每帧9兆像素以下的分辨率。

Given that high quality 35mm film shot with quality gear can yield 20 megapixels or more of resolution when scanned with high-end equipment it becomes readily apparent how it’s very easy for movie studios to go back and, assuming they’ve preserved their original negatives properly, completely remaster a film to look absolutely amazing compared to what they released on VHS in the 1980s and DVD in the 1990s.

鉴于用高端设备拍摄的高质量35毫米胶片和优质齿轮可以产生20兆像素或更高的分辨率，因此很容易看出电影制片厂回头并假设他们正确地保留了底片的原样。与他们在1980年代在VHS和1990年代在DVD上发行的影片相比，完全重新制作了一部电影，看上去绝对令人赞叹。

Even television shows like the Cheers episodes you reference were shot in such a fashion that they have more than enough available information in the film frames to make the jump from standard definition broadcasts to HD video and, assuming there was financial motivation to do so, could even be remastered for a future 4K release with ease.

甚至您引用的“干杯”等电视节目的拍摄方式也是如此，它们在胶片帧中拥有足够多的可用信息，可以从标清广播过渡到高清视频，并且如果有这样做的动力，可以甚至可以轻松地为将来的4K版本进行重新制作。

For the sake of comparison and to highlight the power of the remastering process, let’s take a close look at two screen captures from the movie, Ben-Hur, you used as an example in your question (and that we used to create a composite image for the header of this article).

为了进行比较并强调重新制作过程的功能，让我们仔细看一下电影Ben-Hur中的两个屏幕截图，您在问题中使用了该示例(并且我们用来创建合成图像(本文标题)。

The first screen capture is from the DVD release of the film. Keep in mind that the film was cleaned up for that release too, but the limitations of the standard definition DVD are obvious:

第一个屏幕截图来自电影的DVD版本。请记住，该电影也已针对该发行版进行了清理，但标清DVD的局限性显而易见：

The second screen capture is from the Blu-ray remastering. The film’s sharpness and restored color are apparent.

第二个屏幕截图来自蓝光重制。影片的清晰度和还原的色彩显而易见。

The above screen capture doesn’t even show off the true potential for detail the 65mm film master can provide. A future remastering of the film coupled with a large 4K HDTV set could yield a viewing experience that lets you count the creases in bridles and the hairs on the horses’ heads.

上面的屏幕截图甚至没有显示出65mm胶片原版可以提供的细节的真正潜力。将来对电影进行重新制作时，再加上大型4K HDTV电视机，可以提供观看体验，使您可以计算马bri中的折痕和马头上的毛发。

Speaking of remastering, now that we’ve solved the mystery of where all that old HD video goodness comes from, let’s have a little fun looking at how it’s created. Earlier this year Gizmodo visited the team behind the Criterion Collection film remasters, a team of skilled individuals that take great care in restoring old films and digitizing them.

说到重新制作，现在我们已经解决了所有旧的高清视频优点的神秘之处，让我们来看看它是如何创建的。今年早些时候，吉兹莫多(Gizmodo)参观了Criterion Collection电影修复师背后的团队，这支技术娴熟的团队非常注意恢复旧电影并将其数字化。

Thanks to advances in technology, the careful touch of trained restorers, and the proper storage of old Hollywood and television film reels, we’re able to enjoy beautifully restored content from decades past on our shiny new HDTV sets.

得益于技术的进步，训练有素的修复者的精心抚摸以及旧好莱坞和电视电影胶片的正确存放，我们能够在我们闪亮的新HDTV机上欣赏数十年来精美还原的内容。

Have a pressing tech question, esoteric or otherwise? Shoot us an email at ask@howtogeek.com and we’ll do our best to answer it.

有一个紧迫的技术问题，无论是深奥的还是其他？向我们发送电子邮件至ask@howtogeek.com，我们将尽力答复。