锂离子电池电池容量特性
While lithium-ion batteries are, on the whole, incredibly safe they do very very occasionally catch fire or explode. When it happens, like with Samsung’s Galaxy Note 7 fiasco or HP’s more recent laptop recall, it’s always big news. So what’s going on and why do batteries sometimes go out with a bang? Let’s find out.
总体而言，锂离子电池非常安全，但偶尔会着火或爆炸。 发生这种情况时，例如三星的Galaxy Note 7惨败或惠普最近的笔记本电脑召回事件，始终是个大新闻。 那么怎么回事，为什么电池有时会突然爆炸呢？ 让我们找出答案。
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries—the kind of battery that’s inside your laptop, phone, tablet, and pretty much every other modern gadget you own, as well as electric cars and airplanes—are responsible for the portable device revolution. Without lithium-ion batteries, I wouldn’t be able to write this article sitting in a coffee shop; instead, I’d need to be plugged into a power source the whole time.
可充电锂离子电池(便携式计算机，手机，平板电脑以及您拥有的几乎所有其他现代工具以及电动汽车和飞机内部的电池)是便携式设备革命的原因。 没有锂离子电池，我将无法坐在咖啡店里写这篇文章。 相反，我需要一直都插入电源。
锂离子电池里面有什么？ (What’s Inside a Lithium-Ion Battery?)
To understand why lithium-ion batteries sometimes fail, you need to know what’s going on under the hood. Inside every lithium-ion battery, there are two electrodes—the positively charged cathode and the negatively charged anode—separated by a thin sheet of “microperferated” plastic that keeps the two electrodes from touching. When you charge a lithium-ion battery, lithium ions are pushed by electricity from the cathode, through the microperferations in the separator and an electrically conductive fluid, and to the anode. When the battery discharges, the reverse happens with the lithium ions flowing from the anode toward the cathode. This is the reaction that powers your laptop.
要了解为什么锂离子电池有时会发生故障，您需要了解引擎盖下的情况。 在每个锂离子电池内部，都有两个电极-带正电的阴极和带负电的阳极-由一层薄薄的“微穿Kong”塑料隔开，以防止两个电极接触。 给锂离子电池充电时，锂离子会被来自阴极的电推动，穿过隔板中的微穿Kong和导电流体，到达阳极。 当电池放电时，锂离子会从阳极流向阴极，反之。 这就是为笔记本电脑供电的React。
Small batteries, like those found in smartphones, usually have only a single lithium-ion cell. Larger batteries, like those in laptops, normally have between 6 and 12 lithium-ion cells. The batteries in electric cars and airplanes can have hundreds of cells.
像智能手机中的小型电池一样，小型电池通常只有一个锂离子电池。 较大的电池(例如笔记本电脑中的电池)通常具有6到12个锂离子电池。 电动汽车和飞机中的电池可以有数百个电池。
是什么使锂离子电池爆炸？ (What Makes a Lithium-Ion Battery Explode?)
The very thing that makes lithium-ion batteries so useful is what also gives them the capacity to catch fire or explode. Lithium is really great at storing energy. When it’s released as a trickle, it powers your phone all day. When it’s released all in one go, the battery can explode.
使锂离子电池如此有用的原因还在于它们还具有着火或爆炸的能力。 锂在储存能量方面确实很棒。 当它以a流的形式释放时，它将全天为您的手机供电。 一口气释放时，电池可能会爆炸。
Most lithium-ion battery fires and explosions come down to a problem of short circuiting. This happens when the plastic separator fails and lets the anode and cathode touch. And once those two get together, the battery starts to overheat.
大多数锂离子电池起火和爆炸都归结为短路问题。 当塑料隔板失效并使阳极和阴极接触时，会发生这种情况。 一旦这两个在一起，电池就会开始过热。
There are a number of reasons that the separator can fail:
分隔符失败的原因有很多：
Bad Design or Manufacturing Defects: The battery is poorly designed, as with the Galaxy Note 7. In that case, there wasn’t enough space for the electrodes and separator in the battery. In some models, when the battery expanded a little as it charged, the electrodes bent and caused a short circuit. Even a well designed battery can fail if quality control isn’t kept tight enough or there’s some defect in manufacturing.
不良的设计或制造缺陷：电池设计不当，与Galaxy Note 7一样。 在这种情况下，电池中的电极和隔板没有足够的空间。 在某些型号中，当电池在充电时膨胀一点时，电极弯曲并引起短路。 如果质量控制不够严密或制造中存在某些缺陷，即使是设计良好的电池也可能发生故障。
External Factors: Extreme heat is nearly guaranteed to cause a failure. Batteries left too close to a heat source—or caught in a fire—have been known to explode. Other external factor can cause a lithium-ion battery to fail, too. If you drop your phone too hard (or too many times), there’s a chance you’ll damage the separator and cause the electrodes to touch. If you pierce the battery (either by accident or deliberately), then you’ll almost certainly cause a short circuit.
外部因素：几乎可以肯定，极热会导致故障。 已知电池离热源太近或着火了会爆炸。 其他外部因素也可能导致锂离子电池发生故障。 如果将手机摔得太厉害(或摔了很多次)，则可能会损坏隔板并导致电极接触。 如果刺穿电池(意外或故意)，则几乎肯定会造成短路。
Charger Problems: A badly made or poorly insulated charger can also damage a lithium-ion battery. If the charger shorts or generates heat near the battery, it can do enough damage to cause failure. That’s why we recommend using only official chargers (or at the very least, high quality third party ones from reputable brands). Lithium-ion batteries do have built in protections to stop them overcharging. While very rare, if these safety precautions fail, overcharging is a good way to overheat a battery.
充电器问题：劣质或绝缘不良的充电器也会损坏锂离子电池。 如果充电器在电池附近短路或发热，则可能会造成足够的损坏，从而导致故障。 因此，我们建议仅使用官方充电器(或至少使用知名品牌的高质量第三方充电器)。 锂离子电池确实具有内置保护功能，可以防止它们过度充电。 尽管很少见，但如果这些安全预防措施失败，则过度充电是使电池过热的一种好方法。
Thermal Runaway and Multiple Cells: While not relevant to single cell batteries like those found in most smartphones (the iPhone X actually has two cells), only one battery cell needs to fail for the whole battery to go. Once one cell overheats, you get a domino effect called “thermal runaway.” For batteries with hundreds of cells—like those in the Tesla Model S—thermal runaway has the potential to be a really big problem.
热失控和多节电池：虽然与大多数智能手机中发现的单节电池(iPhone X实际上有两节电池)无关，但只有一节电池才能使整个电池失效。 一旦一个单元过热，您就会得到一种称为“热失控”的多米诺骨牌效应。 对于具有数百个电池的电池(例如特斯拉Model S中的电池)，热失控可能是一个非常大的问题。
Even though examining why battery sometimes fail paints a frightening picture, lithium-ion batteries are a safe and mature technology. The fact that it’s always news when a battery explodes unexpectedly shows how rare an event those big failures are. Battery manufacturers put a lot of safeguards in place to prevent batteries failing, or at least mitigate the damage a failure can cause.
尽管检查为什么有时电池会失效的情况令人震惊，但锂离子电池是一种安全且成熟的技术。 当电池意外爆炸时，它始终是新闻，这一事实说明了那些大故障的发生有多么罕见。 电池制造商采取了很多保护措施来防止电池发生故障，或者至少减轻故障可能造成的损害。
Photo credit: wk1003mike/Shutterstock.com.
图片来源： wk1003mike /Shutterstock.com。
翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/338762/why-do-lithium-ion-batteries-explode/
锂离子电池电池容量特性
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