认知科学和认知神经科学_设计师认知科学阅读清单

认知科学和认知神经科学

by Andy Fitzgerald

通过安迪·菲茨杰拉德(Andy Fitzgerald)

设计师认知科学阅读清单 (A Cognitive Sciences Reading List for Designers)

If you’ve ever done any contextual inquiry or usability testing, you’ve probably observed first hand the difference between what people say they will do and what they actually end up doing. Overlooked calls to action, bizarre navigation paths, mind-bogglingly irrational decisions — even the most sensible seeming users occasionally (or often) do things that “rationally” make little sense.

如果您曾经进行过任何上下文查询或可用性测试，您可能已经亲眼观察到人们说他们将要做的事情与最终要做的事情之间的区别。 被忽视的号召性用语，奇异的导航路径，令人难以置信的不合理的决策-即使是最明智的用户有时也(或经常)做“合理地”毫无意义的事情。

Which is to say that we all, on occasion (or often) do things that seem to make little rational sense.

也就是说，我们所有人偶尔(或经常)执行似乎没有任何理性意义的事情。

And yet, on a day-to-day basis, this is how we successfully negotiate the complexities of our world. We use heuristics (aka rules-of-thumb) and limited information to make decisions about how we live our lives, and we do it continuously throughout the day — often without stopping to consider why we choose one thing over another.

然而，在日常基础上，这就是我们成功地谈判世界复杂性的方式。 我们使用试探法(又称“经验法则”)和有限的信息来决定我们的生活方式，并且我们全天不间断地进行决策-经常不停地思考为什么我们选择一件东西而不是另一件事情。

In order to get a better sense of how our often erratic decision making processes work behind the scenes — and better understand why they sometimes don’t — I’ve been doing more reading lately into cognitive science and decision making. This post is a quick roundup of the books I’ve found most enlightening to the task of designing information systems for messy, irrational humans.

为了更好地了解我们经常不稳定的决策流程在后台如何工作，并更好地理解为什么有时不这样做，我最近对认知科学和决策进行了更多的阅读。 这篇文章是对我所发现的书的快速总结，我发现这些书对于为杂乱无理的人类设计信息系统的任务最为启发。

体现和分布式认知 (Embodied & Distributed Cognition)

There’s been a lot of attention given lately to the idea that “thinking” doesn’t take place solely in the space between our ears. Modern notions of cognition understand thinking as a process that crosses into the body and spills out into the world. For a deeper understanding of how thinking is embodied and distributed, these texts are a good place to start:

近来，人们对“思考”不仅仅发生在我们的耳朵之间的空间中有了很多关注。 现代认知概念将思维理解为一个贯穿身体并扩散到世界的过程。 为了更深入地理解思维的体现和分布方式，这些文本是一个很好的起点：

超越大脑 (Beyond the Brain)

Louise Barrett, 2011

路易丝·巴雷特(Louise Barrett)，2011年

Theme

主题

It is an error to assume that complex behavior and complex cognition are necessarily linked and that the one can only arise from the other. By understanding how brains, bodies, and environment are connected, we can better understand how intelligent, adaptive behavior is produced.

假定复杂的行为和复杂的认知必然是联系在一起的，而一个只能从另一个中产生是错误的。 通过了解大脑，身体和环境之间的联系，我们可以更好地了解如何产生智能的适应性行为。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• “To make a distinction between perception and cognition as separate psychological processes is both arbitrary and false” (22).
  “将感知和认知区分为独立的心理过程既是武断的也是错误的”(22)。
• “Language is not purely for communicating, but is also a way of effecting changes in our environment that enable us to achieve more than we could otherwise” (194).
  “语言并非纯粹用于交流，而是一种影响环境变化的方式，使我们能够取得比以往更多的成就”(194)。
• “The real ‘problem solving machine’ is not the brain alone, but the brain, the body, and the environmental structures that we use to augment, enhance, and support internal cognitive processes” (219).
  “真正的'问题解决机器'不只是大脑，而是我们用来增强，增强和支持内部认知过程的大脑，身体和环境结构”(219)。

Impressions

印象数

Very readable with lots of relatable examples and relevant context. This book draws on and furthers a wide body of foundational work (Andy Clark figures in here a lot — we’ll get to him in a minute), but remains accessible to a general audience.

可读性强，带有许多相关示例和相关上下文。 这本书借鉴并促进了广泛的基础工作(Andy Clark在这里很重要-我们将在一分钟内找到他)，但仍可供广大读者使用。

普鲁斯特和乌贼 (Proust and the Squid)

Maryanne Wolf, 2007

玛丽安·沃尔夫(Maryanne Wolf)，2007年

Theme

主题

The process of learning to read creates physical changes in the brain that directly affect how that brain works and how we think. Understanding this process (neuroplasticity) in the reading brain prepares us to better understand the changes we’re currently undergoing as we “make the transition from a reading brain to an increasingly digital one.”

学习阅读的过程会在大脑中产生物理变化，直接影响大脑的工作方式和思维方式。 理解阅读大脑中的这一过程(神经可塑性)，可以使我们更好地了解我们正在经历的变化，因为我们“实现了从阅读大脑向数字化大脑的过渡”。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• The efficient reading brain — which takes years to develop — literally has “more time to think” (54).
  高效的阅读大脑(需要花费数年的时间才能发展起来)实际上具有“更多的思考时间”(54)。
• Contrary to spoken language, “there are neither genes nor biological structures specific only to reading. Instead, in order to read, each brain must learn to make new circuits by connecting older regions originally designed and genetically programmed for other things” (168).
  与口语相反，“既没有基因，也没有仅针对阅读的生物学结构。 相反，为了阅读，每个大脑必须学会通过连接最初为其他事物设计和基因编程的较旧区域来制造新电路”(168)。
• “The new circuits and pathways that the brain fashions in order to read become the foundations for being able to think in different, innovative ways” (271).
  “大脑为阅读而形成的新回路和新途径成为了能够以不同的创新方式思考的基础”(271)。

Impressions

印象数

The first part of this book focuses on the plasticity of the brain and the ways that learning to read changes it. Wolf illustrates this story with historical accounts of writing in early societies and plenty of good ol’ neuroscience. Later chapters focus more closely on reading development in children and dyslexia before returning in a brief final chapter to the effects of digital technology on how our brains work.

本书的第一部分侧重于大脑的可塑性以及学习阅读改变大脑的方式。 沃尔夫用早期社会的历史记载和大量优秀的神经科学来阐述这个故事。 后面的章节将更专注于阅读儿童和阅读障碍的发展，然后在最后的简短章节中简要介绍数字技术对我们大脑工作方式的影响。

超越思想 (Supersizing the Mind)

Andy Clark, 2008

安迪·克拉克(Andy Clark)，2008年

Theme

主题

What we call “thinking” often occurs only partially in the brain: much of the human cognitive process regularly criss-crosses the boundaries of brain, body, and environment. “In building our physical and social worlds, we build (or rather, we massively reconfigure) our minds and our capacities of thought and reason” (xxviii).

我们所谓的“思维”通常仅部分发生在大脑中：人类的许多认知过程通常会纵横交错地跨越大脑，身体和环境的边界。 “在建立我们的物理世界和社会世界时，我们建立(或更确切地说，我们进行了大规模的重新配置)我们的思想，思想和理性的能力”(xxviii)。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• “Words and linguistic strings are among the most powerful and basic tools we use to discipline and stabilize dynamic processes of reason and recall” (53).
  “语言和语言字符串是我们用来约束和稳定推理和回忆的动态过程的最强大和最基本的工具之一”(53)。
• “Gesture and speech are interacting parts of a distributed, semianarchic cognitive engine, participating in cognitively potent self-stimulating loops whose activity is as much an aspect of our thinking as its result” (133).
  “手势和言语是分布式，半无政府状态认知引擎的相互作用部分，参与了认知有效的自我刺激循环，其活动与其结果一样，是我们思考的一个方面”(133)。
• “The presence of humanlike minds depends quite directly on the possession of a humanlike body” (200).
  “类人思想的存在直接取决于类人身体的拥有”(200)。

Impressions

印象数

Clark makes a compelling and provocative case for radically rethinking the way human beings perceive, think, and act in the world; for him, all of these actions are part of a single, continuous process. Clark supports his claim by drawing on a wide range of sources in linguistics, robotics, biology, and neuroscience — from which he pulls a variety anecdotes and examples that keep the text humming along. Big ideas here and intense reading; well worth the effort.

克拉克(Clark)提出了一个令人信服的，具有挑衅性的论据，它从根本上重新思考了人类在世界上的感知，思考和行动方式。 对他来说，所有这些动作都是一个连续过程的一部分。 克拉克通过利用语言学，机器人技术，生物学和神经科学等广泛领域的信息来支持他的主张，他从中汲取了各种轶事和实例，以使案文保持嗡嗡作响。 这里的大创意和阅读力； 非常值得的努力。

意义的产生 (Meaning Making)

Ferdinand de Saussure, the founder of linguistics, argued that without language, we wouldn’t have thought. Figuring out how we make meaning has lot to do with how we use and manipulate symbols. This field is plenty deep, but these titles will give you some practical ways to think about how “saying” and “meaning” relate:

语言学的创始人费迪南德·索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussure)认为，没有语言，我们就不会思考。 弄清楚我们如何理解意义与我们如何使用和操纵符号有很大关系。 这个领域非常深入，但是这些标题将为您提供一些实用的方式来思考“说”和“含义”之间的关系：

我们赖以生存的隐喻 (Metaphors We Live By)

George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, 1980

乔治·拉科夫(George Lakoff)和马克·约翰逊(Mark Johnson)，1980年

Theme

主题

We have all at one time been taught to recognize a “metaphor” as a figure of speech, a particular use of language. Lakoff and Johnson argue that, to the contrary, metaphor as a linguistic expression is possible only because the human conceptual system and thought process is, at its core, metaphorically defined.

我们一次都被教导要承认“隐喻”是一种语言象征，是一种特殊的语言用法。 拉科夫和约翰逊认为，相反，隐喻作为一种语言表达是可能的，因为人类的概念系统和思维过程的核心是隐喻地定义的。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• “Our values are not independent but must form a coherent system with the metaphorical concepts we live by” (22).
  “我们的价值观不是独立的，而是必须与我们赖以生存的隐喻概念形成一个连贯的体系”(22)。
• Even seemingly literal expressions are often structured by metaphorical concepts which highlight some aspects of experience while hiding others (51, 149).
  甚至看似文字的表达也常常是由隐喻概念构成的，隐喻概念强调体验的某些方面而隐藏其他方面(51、149)。
• Since truth is always relative to a conceptual system, and since any human conceptual system is mostly metaphorical in nature, there can be no fully objective, unconditional, or absolute truth (185).
  由于真理总是相对于一个概念体系而言的，并且由于任何人类的观念体系本质上都是隐喻的，因此不可能有完全客观的，无条件的或绝对的真理(185)。

Impressions

印象数

This book is a great first foray into the subtleties of how we use language and metaphor to construct meaning and make sense of the world. Lakoff and Johnson drive the narrative with examples out of everyday language and take the time to thoroughly explain their conclusions. This book is definitely one of my favs.

这本书是对我们如何使用语言和隐喻来建构意义和理解世界的精妙之处的首次尝试。 拉科夫(Lakoff)和约翰逊(Johnson)用日常语言中的示例来推动叙事，并花时间彻底解释他们的结论。 这本书绝对是我的最爱之一。

看看别人没有 (Seeing What Others Don’t)

Gary Klein, 2013

加里·克莱因(Gary Klein)，2013年

Theme

主题

Insight is not the result of concentration or a proven process, but rather of learning to “restructure beliefs.” To nurture the power of insight, we must change the story we use to understand events.

洞察力不是专注力或经过验证的过程的结果，而是学会“重构信念”的结果。 为了培养洞察力，我们必须改变我们用来理解事件的故事。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• “Intuition is the use of patterns we’ve already learned, whereas insight is the discovery of new patterns” (27).
  “直觉是对我们已经学过的模式的使用，而洞察力是对新模式的发现”(27)。
• “Insights change our understanding by shifting the central beliefs — the anchors — in the story we use to make sense of events” (148).
  “洞察力通过改变我们用来理解事件的故事中的中心信念(锚)来改变我们的理解”(148)。
• “Confusions, contradictions, and conflicts can work as springboards to insight. We just have to replace our feelings of consternation with curiosity” (182).
  混乱，矛盾和冲突可以作为洞察力的跳板。 我们只需要用好奇心代替惊of的感觉”(182)。

Impressions

印象数

Klein’s book is the record of his own quest to figure out what sparks insight — and to figure out what keeps us from grasping insight that is right in front of us. He explores these questions, as well as the question of how to increase the flow of insight, across scores of stories of insight achieved (and missed). Very readable, very engaging.

克莱因的书记录了他自己的努力，以找出激发洞察力的东西，并弄清是什么使我们无法掌握眼前的洞察力。 他探讨了数十个已实现(和未实现)的洞察力故事，探讨了这些问题以及如何增加洞察力的问题。 非常可读，非常吸引人。

我们的思考方式 (The Way We Think)

Gilles Fauconnier with Mark Turner, 2003

Gilles Fauconnier和Mark Turner，2003年

Theme

主题

Identity, integration, and imagination are the result of the uniquely human ability to “blend” mental spaces by projecting elements from one frame of reference to another. This “cognitive blending” is the core process behind the human power to construct meaning.

身份认同，融合和想象力是人类独特的能力通过将要素从一个参照系投射到另一个参照系来“融合”精神空间的结果。 这种“认知融合”是人类建构意义背后的核心过程。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• “Meaning systems and formal systems are inseparable. They co-evolve in the species, the culture, and the individual” (11).
  “含义系统和形式系统是不可分割的。 他们在物种，文化和个体方面共同发展”(11)。
• “The meanings we take most for granted are those where the complexity is best hidden” (24).
  “我们最理所当然的含义是那些最能掩盖复杂性的含义”(24)。
• “Language does not represent meaning directly; instead, it systematically prompts the construction of meaning” (142).
  “语言并不直接代表含义； 相反，它系统地提示了意义的建构”(142)。

Impressions

印象数

The Way We Think provides one of the most meticulous, in depth readings of how humans construct meaning I have ever read. The examples given range from “Eureka!” moments, where we are shown the core inner workings of sudden realization and certainty, to constructions of the most banal everyday speech, revealed to contain complex operations of imaginative blending and synthesis. A less patient reader may find some of the case studies tedious, but the core framework and analytical approach offered here provides a powerful set of tools for digging deep into how we construct and communicate meaning.

我们的思维方式提供了关于人类如何构造我所读过的意义的最细致，最深入的阅读之一。 给出的示例包括“尤里卡！” 瞬间，向我们展示了突然实现和确定性的核心内部工作原理，这些构想是最平庸的日常演讲的结构，揭示出包含想象力融合和合成的复杂操作。 不太耐心的读者可能会发现一些案例研究很乏味，但是这里提供的核心框架和分析方法提供了一组强大的工具，可用于深入了解我们如何构建和传达含义。

妇女，火灾和危险物品 (Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things)

George Lakoff, 1990

乔治·拉科夫(1990)

Theme

主题

We organize knowledge by means of structures called “idealized cognitive models,” which account for our ability to categorize and conceptualize. These models emerge from the basic, experiential aspects of human psychology: “gestalt perception, mental imagery, motor activities, social function, and memory” (37).

我们通过称为“理想化认知模型”的结构来组织知识，这说明了我们进行分类和概念化的能力。 这些模型来自人类心理学的基本，体验方面：“格式塔感知，心理意象，运动活动，社交功能和记忆”(37)。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• “Motivation depends on overall characteristics of the conceptual system, not just local characteristics of the category at hand” (113).
  “动机取决于概念系统的整体特征，而不仅取决于当前类别的局部特征”(113)。
• “Since we act in accord with our conceptual systems and since our actions are real, our conceptual systems have a major role in creating reality” (296).
  “由于我们的行为符合我们的概念体系，并且我们的行为是真实的，因此我们的概念体系在创造现实中起着重要作用”(296)。
• “Reason is embodied in the sense that the very structures on which reason is based emerge from our bodily experience. Reason is imaginative in the sense that it makes use of metonymies, metaphors, and a wide variety of image schemas” (368).
  “理性的体现是，理性的基础结构是从我们的身体经验中产生的。 在某种意义上，理性是有想象力的，它利用了转喻，隐喻和各种各样的图像模式”(368)。

Impressions

印象数

“Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things” is the 500 ton locomotive of this list — and it doesn’t come with brakes. This is a big book full of big ideas, some of which you’ll follow, some of which you likely won’t. Don’t worry about it. Success means grappling with it, not defeating it. That said, there is a lot in here for the diligent reader. I’m particularly fond of chapter 17, “Cognitive Semantics.”

“女性，火灾和危险物品”是该列表中的500吨机车-它不带制动器。 这是一本充满很多大创意的大书，您将遵循其中的一些主意，而有些则您可能不会。 不用担心 成功意味着与之抗争，而不是与之抗衡。 也就是说，对于勤奋的读者来说，这里有很多东西。 我特别喜欢第17章“认知语义学”。

做决定 (Decision Making)

You’re a rational person, right? You make rational decisions, right? Alas, this is what everyone thinks — and we collectively have pretty varied opinions (to say the least) about what counts as “rational.” Dig these books to get some insight into why:

你是一个有理性的人，对吗？ 您做出理性的决定，对吧？ las，这就是每个人的想法-关于“合理”，我们集体(至少可以说)有各种各样的意见。 挖掘这些书以了解原因：

可以预见的是非理性的 (Predictably Irrational)

Dan Ariely, 2008

丹·阿里利(Dan Ariely)，2008年

Theme

主题

Standard economic theory suggests that individuals make decisions based on carefully weighed consideration of their options. In practice, however, “rationality” is regularly eclipsed by our irrational feelings about initial states (anchors), the temptation of getting anything for free, social norms, and the outsized value we place on what we already possess (loss aversion).

标准经济理论表明，个人在仔细权衡其选择权的基础上做出决策。 然而，实际上，“理性”通常会因我们对初始状态(锚)的不理性感觉，获得免费的任何东西的诱惑，社会规范以及我们对已经拥有的东西的过分重视(损失厌恶)而黯然失色。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• “Once prices are established in our minds — even if they’re arbitrary — they shape not only what we are willing to pay for an item, but also how much we are willing to pay for related products” (32).
  “一旦价格在我们心中确定，即使价格是任意的，它们不仅会决定我们愿意为一件商品支付的价格，而且还会决定我们愿意为相关产品支付的价格”(32)。
• “The difference between two cents and one cent is small; the difference between once cent and zero is huge” (68).
  “两美分和一美分之间的差异很小； 一分与零之间的差异非常大”(68)。
• “Our propensity to overvalue what we own is a basic human bias, and it reflects a more general tendency to fall in love with, and be overly optimistic about, anything that has to do with ourselves” (182).
  “我们倾向于高估我们拥有的财产的倾向是人类的基本偏见，它反映出一种更普遍的趋势，即对与自己有关的任何事物都爱上并且过于乐观”(182)。

Impressions

印象数

This is one of the most accessible texts on this list: Ariely writes in an easy-going, conversational style and structures all of his arguments around closely focused, often funny studies and experiments he has himself conducted with students and colleagues. His examples are great both at illustrating his points and keeping his reader engaged.

这是该列表上最易读的文本之一：Ariely以轻松，对话的方式写作，围绕着自己与学生和同事进行的密切关注，经常有趣的研究和实验，论述了他的所有论点。 他的例子在说明自己的观点和保持读者参与方面都很棒。

思考，快和慢 (Thinking, Fast and Slow)

Daniel Kahneman, 2011

丹尼尔·卡尼曼(Daniel Kahneman)，2011年

Theme

主题

We use two cognitive processes to evaluate information: a fast, always-on, but error-prone automatic system, and a more effective, analytical but effortful deliberate system. The trouble we get into is that we sometimes mistake automatic and error-prone decisions for well-considered, analytical ones — sometimes to the point of consciously making decisions that are opposed to our best interests.

我们使用两个认知过程来评估信息：一个快速，始终在线但容易出错的自动系统，以及一个更有效，分析却很努力的故意系统。 我们遇到的麻烦是，有时我们会将自动且容易出错的决策误认为是经过深思熟虑的分析性决策，有时甚至是有意识地做出与我们最大利益相对立的决策。

Key Concepts

关键概念

• Why we fail at statistics: “our mind is strongly biased toward causal explanations and does not deal well with ‘mere statistics.’ When our attention is called to an event, associative memory will look for its cause — more precisely, activation will automatically spread to any cause that is already stored in memory” (182).
  为什么我们在统计上失败：“我们的思想强烈偏向于因果关系的解释，而不能很好地处理“单纯的统计”。 当我们将注意力转移到某个事件上时，关联内存将寻找其原因-更准确地说，激活将自动扩展到已存储在内存中的任何原因”(182)。
• What You See is All There Is (WYSIATI): “You cannot help dealing with the limited information you have as if it were all there is to know. You build the best possible story from the information available to you, and if it is a good story, you believe it. Paradoxically, it is easier to construct a coherent story when you know little, when there are fewer pieces to fit into the puzzle. Our comforting conviction that the world makes sense rests on a secure foundation: our almost unlimited ability to ignore our ignorance” (201).
  所见即所得(WYSIATI)：“您不禁要处理您所拥有的有限信息，就好像它们只是要知道的一样。 您可以根据可用的信息来构建最佳故事，如果这是一个好故事，则可以相信。 矛盾的是，当您所知甚少，需要拼图的部分较少时，构建连贯的故事会更容易。 我们对世界有意义的令人鼓舞的信念建立在牢固的基础上：我们几乎无限制的能力来忽略我们的无知”(201)。
• In misunderstanding statistical possibility, we end up paying a premium (sometimes an exorbitant one) for security from unlikely events, while at the same time gambling resources regularly on equally unlikely events. Chapter 29 (and much of the book, really).
  在对统计可能性的误解中，我们最终为意外事件的安全性支付了溢价(有时过高)，而与此同时，定期在同样可能性较小的事件上赌博。 第29章(以及本书的大部分内容)。

Impressions

印象数

This book is a fascinating and compelling read. Kahneman’s examples are clear and easy to follow — and their implications are sobering (if not terrifying). I’ve talked to a lot of folks who have started this book, but never quite finished it. At 400 + pages, it’s a bit longer than some other texts on this list, but I definitely recommend reading it all the way to the end — it’s all good stuff, especially if you’re trying to understand why people (perhaps including yourself) make the decisions they do in the face of uncertain outcomes.

这本书是一本令人着迷且引人入胜的书。 卡尼曼(Kahneman)的例子很清楚而且很容易理解-它们的含义是发人深省的(即使不可怕)。 我已经与很多开始本书的人进行了交谈，但从未完全完成。 它的页数超过400页，比此列表中的其他文本要长一些，但是我绝对建议您从头到尾阅读它-都是好东西，尤其是在您要了解人们为什么会(也许包括您自己)的情况下在不确定的结果面前做出决策。

那里有你 (And There You Have It)

Now: I’m not going to claim that this list isn’t challenging, or that you should be able to knock these out in a couple weekends. If you’re interested in digging into the prickly problems of designing for the complex systems that crop up when we mix data, choice, and the human decision-making process, though, these books will give you plenty to think about.

现在：我不会说这个列表并不具有挑战性，或者您应该可以在几个周末内将它们淘汰掉。 但是，如果您有兴趣研究为混合数据，选择和人为决策过程而出现的复杂系统进行设计的棘手问题，那么这些书将为您提供很多思考的机会。

Even more than that, all of them should give you additional frames of reference from which to consider the messy, human challenges we face as designers every day. Principles like Daniel Kahnemman’s “What You See Is All There Is” or Fauconnier & Turner’s “cognitive blending” will give you new ways to pop your thinking out of the “best practices” ruts you might have fallen into and look for solutions to messy human problems in the very behavior of messy humans themselves.

不仅如此，所有这些都应该为您提供其他参考框架，从中可以考虑我们每天作为设计师面临的混乱，人为挑战。 丹尼尔·卡恩曼(Daniel Kahnemman)的“所见即所得”或Fauconnier＆Turner的“认知融合”等原理将为您提供新的方法，使您的思维摆脱可能落入的“最佳实践”车辙，并寻求解决方案以解决混乱的人类凌乱的人类本身的行为存在问题。

奖励段落：如何阅读！ (Bonus Paragraph: How to Read!)

You, of course, know how to read. I get that. But reading work by professional research scholars — even books intended for a popular audience, as are many of these — is a bit different from reading professional or trade publications. As a grad student (in English, during which time I read a lot), I developed some habits to help me better understand, retain, synthesize, and be able to recall texts like these. Here’s what worked for me:

您当然知道如何阅读。 我明白了。 但是，专业研究学者的阅读工作(甚至包括针对大众读者的书籍，与许多此类书籍一样)与阅读专业或行业出版物有所不同。 作为一名研究生(用英语，我在这段时间里读了很多东西 )，我养成了一些习惯，可以帮助我更好地理解，保留，综合并能够回忆起这些文字。 这对我有用：

1. Buy a Book

1.买书

If I’m going to read a book like one of those listed here, I want a paper copy I can write in and (slightly) abuse. The point of a physical book for me is to be able to read it actively: underline, highlight, star passages, dog-ear corners, make notes. Reading actively helps you 1) integrate what you’re reading and synthesize it with the other ideas jumbling around in your head and 2) come back to this text weeks, months, or years later and quickly find the ideas and passages that piqued your interest.

如果我要读一本书，就像这里列出的那些书一样，我希望我可以写纸质副本，并(略)滥用。 对我而言，一本实体书的重点是能够积极地阅读它：下划线，突出显示，星星段落，折角，做笔记。 主动阅读可以帮助您1)将您正在阅读的内容与其他想法融合在一起，并在脑海中浮现出来； 2)数周，数月或数年后回到本文，并Swift找到激发您兴趣的思想和段落。

2. Buy a Pencil

2.买铅笔

Leave it in the book. If you don’t have a pencil, you won’t take notes and you won’t annotate. You’ll read passively. Set yourself up to be an active, physically engaged reader. I like a mechanical pencil like these because they’re cheap, always sharp, fit well in a book, and allow me to write satanically tiny notes.

留在书上。 如果您没有铅笔，则不会做笔记，也不会做注释。 您将被动地阅读。 让自己成为一个活跃，身体参与的读者。 我喜欢这样的自动铅笔，因为它们很便宜，总是很锋利，很适合一本书，并且可以让我写一些讽刺的小笔记。

3. Steal a Sheet of Paper

3.偷一张纸

Cut it in half, then fold one of your halves in half to make a booklet. Jot down the ideas and passages that stand out. I include page numbers so I can easily find passages later on. You’ll have to write small — and you’ll have to be selective about what you record (which is a good thing: too much note taking will slow you way down). Leave your notes in the book. Now when you come back and look for that idea or passage later, you’ll have both your annotations and a quick reference guide to the passages you personally found most intriguing.

将其切成两半，然后将一半切成一本小册子。 记下突出的想法和段落。 我包括页码，以便以后可以轻松找到文章。 您必须写得少一些-并且必须对记录内容保持选择性(这是一件好事：记笔记太多会使您的速度下降)。 将笔记留在书中。 现在，当您返回并稍后查找该想法或段落时，将获得注释和快速参考指南，这些段落是您个人最感兴趣的段落。

_____This post was originally published at andyfitzgerald.org. If you’re interested in how cognitive science, language, and meaning-making fit in with the practice of user experience architecture & design, do check it out.

_____ 最初发布于andyfitzgerald.org 。 如果您对认知科学，语言和意义转换与用户体验架构和设计的实践如何匹配感兴趣，请进行验证。

翻译自: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/a-cognitive-sciences-reading-list-for-designers-5297c2934aa9/

认知科学和认知神经科学