移位密码和乘法密码_密码学和线性反馈移位寄存器简介

移位密码和乘法密码

All around us data is transferred faster than ever. Sensitive data is also part of our everyday life. To protect that data, we use encryption. When we encrypt data, it changes in some way that renders it useless to the possible viewer, but that can be changed back to its original state when it arrives safely to the meant receiver. These transformations rely heavily on math, and particularly on a field of math called number theory. This text takes us through the basics of cryptography both from a mathematical perspective and as a programming matter.

我们周围的数据传输比以往任何时候都快。 敏感数据也是我们日常生活的一部分。 为了保护该数据，我们使用加密。 当我们加密数据时，它会以某种方式改变，使可能的查看者无法使用它，但是当数据安全地到达目标接收者时，可以更改回其原始状态。 这些转换严重依赖于数学，尤其是依赖于称为数论的数学领域。 本文从数学角度和编程方面带我们了解了密码学的基础知识。

昨天和今天的密码 (Ciphers Yesterday and Today)

For as long as writing has existed, the concept of encryption has lived and developed alongside the plain text writing. The idea of rendering text seemingly incomprehensible for purposes of guarding a secret has been central especially in military use and politics. The word cipher originates from the medieval times, from words such as the latin cifra and Arabic صفر (sifr), which means “zero”. There are numerous theories on why zero would have been used to describe encryption, including that the concept of zero was not part of the roman number system and seen as a mystery among numbers. One of the oldest and most widely known ciphers used in military context is Caesars cipher, also known as Caesars shift.

只要存在书写，加密的概念就与纯文本书写一起存在和发展。 出于保护秘密的目的，呈现文本似乎难以理解的想法一直很重要，尤其是在军事用途和政治领域。 密码一词起源于中世纪，起源于拉丁语cifra和阿拉伯语صفر (sifr)，表示“零”。 关于为什么使用零来描述加密有很多理论，包括零的概念不是罗马数字系统的一部分，被视为数字之间的一个谜。 在军事环境中使用的最古老和最广为人知的密码之一是凯撒密码，也称为凯撒移位。

Caesars shift takes one key, which is used to shift each character in the plaintext. This single key is the weakness of the cipher: once the correct shift is figured out, the whole message is revealed. Mathematically, this type of cipher can be written as a problem in modular arithmetic, which works with values wrapped up in a specific range. We’ll discuss this in more depth later.

凯撒平移需要一个键，该键用于平移明文中的每个字符。 这个唯一的密钥就是密码的弱点：一旦找出正确的移位，整个信息就会被揭示出来。 从数学上讲，这种类型的密码可以写为模数运算中的问题，它适用于在特定范围内包装的值。 稍后我们将对此进行更深入的讨论。

The way we can solve the plaintext from the encrypted text is by finding the key. In the case of a Caesars cipher of value 3, finding out the key (3) lets us decrypt the whole text in one chunk. The key specifies the output of the encryption algorithm.

我们可以通过找到密钥来从加密的文本中解析纯文本的方法。 在凯撒密码为3的情况下，找出密钥(3)可让我们将整个文本解密为一个块。 密钥指定加密算法的输出。

因素和素数 (Factors and Primes)

Perhaps surprisingly, one of the foundational concept