离散结构和离散数学中文书
环 (Ring)
The algebraic structure (R, +, .) which consisting of a non-empty set R along with two binary operations like addition(+) and multiplication(.) then it is called a ring.
由非空集R以及两个二进制运算(如加法(+)和乘法(。))组成的代数结构(R,+,。)称为环。
An algebraic ( or mathematically) system (R, *, o) consisting of a non-empty set R any two binary operations * and o defined on R such that:
代数(或数学上的)系统(R,*,o),由一个非空集R以及在R上定义的任意两个二进制运算*和o组成,这样:
(R, *) is an abelian group and (R, 0) is a semigroup.
(R,*)是一个阿贝尔群,(R,0)是一个半群。
The operation o is the distributive over the operation * is said to be the ring.
操作o是操作*的分布*称为环。
There are following postulates are satisfied:
满足以下假设:
R1 (R1)
The system (R, +) is an abelian group. So we have the following properties:
系统(R,+)是一个阿贝尔群。 因此,我们具有以下属性:
1. Closure property
1.关闭属性
The set R is called with respect to the composition +.
关于组成+调用集合R。
i.e. aER, bER => a+b E R for all a, b E R
即aER,bER => a + b ER对于所有a,b ER
2. Associativity
2.关联性
Associative law hld good in the set R for the composition +.
联想定律hld好的集合R为构图+。
i.e. (a+b) + c = a + (b+c) for all a, b, c E R.
即(a + b)+ c = a +(b + c)对于所有a,b,c E R。
3. Existence of identity
3.身份的存在
There exist an unique 0 E R called zero element such that, a + b = a = 0 + a, a E R
存在一个称为零元素的唯一0 ER,因此, a + b = a = 0 + a,一个ER
4. Existence of inverse
4.逆的存在
For each a E R there exists an elements a E R such that, a + (-a) = 0 = (-a) + a
对于每个ER,都有一个元素ER,使得a +(-a)= 0 =(-a)+ a
5. Commutative of addition
5.加法的可交换
Commutative law holds good in the set R for the composition +.
交换律在成分R的集合R中保持良好。
i.e. a + b = b + a for all a, b E R
即,对于所有a,b ER,a + b = b + a
R2 (R2)
The set R is closed with respect to the multiplication composition.
集合R关于乘法合成是封闭的。
R3 (R3)
Multiplication composition is associative i.e. (a.b).c = a.(b.c) for all a, b, c E R
乘法组合是关联的,即(a),b,c的所有(a).c = a。(bc)
R4 (R4)
The multiplication composition is right and left distributive with respect to addition.
乘法组成在加法方面是左右分布。
i.e. a.(b + c) = a.b + a.c for every a, b, c E R (left distributive law)
iea(b + c)= ab + ac每a,b,c ER(左分配律)
(b + c). a = b.a + c.a (right distributive law)
(b + c)。 a = ba + ca(正确的分配定律)
戒指类型 (Types of Rings)
1. Null Ring
1.空环
The singleton (0) with binary operation + and defined by 0 + 0 = 0 and 0.0 = 0 is a ring called the zero ring or null ring.
具有二进制运算+且由0 + 0 = 0和0.0 = 0定义的单例(0)是一个称为零环或空环的环。
2. Commutative Ring
2.换向环
If the multiplication in a ring is also commutative then the ring is known as commutative ring i.e. the ring (R, +, .) is a commutative ring provided.
如果环中的乘法也是可交换的,则该环称为可交换环,即环(R,+,。)是提供的可交换环。
a.b = b.a for all a, b E R
对于所有a,b ER,ab = ba
If the multiplication is not commutative it is called non- commutative ring.
如果乘法不是可交换的,则称为非可交换环。
3. Ring with unity
3.团结一致
If e be an element of a ring R such that e.a = a.e = a for all E R then the ring is called ring with unity and the elements e is said to be units elements or unity or identity of R.
如果e是所有R的环R的元素,使得ea = ae = a,则该环称为具有单一性的环,并且元素e被称为是R的单位或元素或同一性。
4. Ring with zero divisor
4.除数为零的环
A ring (R, +, .) is a said to have divisor of zero (or zero divisor), if there exist two non-zero elements a, b E R such that a.b = 0 or b.a = 0 where 0 is the additive identity in R . here a and b are called the proper divisor of zero.
如果存在两个非零元素a,b ER使得ab = 0或ba = 0,则环(R,+,。)被称为具有零的除数(或零除数),其中0是加法恒等式在R中。 这里a和b称为零的适当除数。
5. Ring without zero divisor
5.无零除环
A ring R is said to be without zero divisor. If the product of no two non zero elements of R is zero i.e. if ab = 0 => a = 0 or b = 0.
环R被认为没有零除数。 如果R中没有两个非零元素的乘积为零,即ab = 0 => a = 0或b = 0。
环的性质 (Properties of Ring)
If R is a ring then for all a, b, c E R
如果R是一个环,则对于所有a,b,c ER
a0 = 0a = 0
a0 = 0a = 0
a(-b) = -(ab) = (-a)b
a(-b)=-(ab)=(-a)b
(-a)(-b) = ab
(-a)(-b)= ab
a(b-c) = ab – ac
a(bc)= ab – ac
(b-c)a = ba- ca
(bc)a = ba- ca
翻译自: https://www.includehelp.com/basics/rings-and-types-of-rings-discrete-mathematics.aspx
离散结构和离散数学中文书